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World  Remamed 


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A  Summary  of  the  Geographical 

Results  of  the  Peace  Settlement 

After  the  World  War 


^ 


By 
R.  BAXTER  BLAIR 

of  the 
Editorial  Department 


SECOND 
EDITION 


Published  by 

Denoyer-Geppert  Company 

Scientific  School  Map  Makers 
CHICAGO 


Copyright  Nov.  1921  by  Draoyei^Oeppett  Co. 
Copyright  llareh  1022  by  Denoyer-G^vort  Go. 


Biographical 

Opportunity 

The  years  succeeding  1914  have  been  a  period  of  awakening. 
The  critical  events  of  these  years  have  led  our  country  out  of  its 
isolation  to  world  leadership.  There  never  was  a  time  when  so 
many  of  our  people  were  so  interested  in  geography  and  maps. 
This  new  interest  brought  with  it  the  knowledge  that  we  as  a 
nation  were  deficient  in  the  production  and  use  of  good  maps. 
The  need  was  especially  felt  in  the  schools. 

Educators  thruout  our  land  had  preached  in  season  and  out 
of  season  for  better  and  more  accurate  school  maps,  as  a  factor 
in.  the  bptter-itcaphing  of  history  and  geography,  and  its  prepara- 
tion of  the  Individual  for  citizenship. 
.'I  ,'■;  W.ith  ;th6  ccitnifig  of  the  great  World  War  and  its  subsequent 
political  and  economic  changes,  leaving  no  part  of  our  world 
relations  untouched,  there  came  the  opportunity  to  a  few  men  in 
America  to  build  anew,  school  maps  that  would  embody  the  new 
ideals  and  teach  the  new  world  political  conditions.  In  such  an 
atmosphere  the  house  of  Denoyer-Geppert  was  born  in  Chicago. 
Ideals 

It  was  very  natural  that,  as  educators  had  pointed  the  way  to 
better  things  in  school  maps,  the  first  thing  that  the  new  company 
should  do  was  to  seek  a  working  alliance  with  these  far-seeing  men. 
These  educators  supplied  the  Method. 

To  Method  there  needs  to  be  added  knowledge : — Scholarship, 
which  is  the  basis  of  map  accuracy. 

To  Method  and  Scholarship  there  is  but  one  more  thing  to 
add  to  complete  the  ideal: — Craftsmanship.  The  method  of  the 
educator,  the  knowledge  of  the  scholar,  the  craftsmanship  of  the 
artist,  are  all  embodied  in  the  products  of  the  Denoyer-Geppert 
Company. 

Today,  after  five  years  of  painstaking  production  of  better 
school  maps,  schoolmen  are  thinking  of  Denoyer-Geppert  Maps 
as  "Designed  by  Educators,  Edited  by  Scholars,  and  Produced 


i4 

by  Craftsmen,"   a  trinity  which  has  resulted  in  maximum  map 
values  at  minimum  cost. 

Men  at  Headquarters 

Educators  have  in  the  past  contributed  much  to  the  success 
of  business  enterprise.  In  no  educational  business  with  which 
we  are  familiar  have  so  many  educators  and  scholars  been 
directly  associated,  as  with  the  house  of  Denoyer-Geppert. 

MR.  L.  P.  DENOYER,  the  president,  has  spent  many 
years  in  the  classroom  and  in  the  supervision  of  schools.  As 
head  of  the  geography  department  at  the  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin, 
State  Normal  School  for  four  years  he  studied  the  geographic 
needs  of  the  classroom,  which  later  found  expression  in  the  map 
publications  of  the  house. 

MR.  O.  E.  GEPPERT,  the  secretary-treasurer,  director  of 
advertising  and  sales,  has  spent  many  years  in  the  successful 
marketing  of  geographic  equipment.  His  enthusiasm  for  better 
map  service  has  helped  to  make  the  Denoyer-Geppert  products 
nationally  known.  He  is  now  in  his  seventeenth  year  in  the  school 
map  business.  From  1905  to  1  9  I  6  he  was  with  the  American 
agents  of  W.  &  A.  K.  Johnston,  Ltd.,  resigning  in  1916. 

MR.  R.  BAXTER  BLAIR,  compiler  and  chief  draftsman, 
has  had  a  wide  experience  in  the  principal  map  establishnnents  in 
Britain,  United  States,  and  Canada. 

With  these  principals  are  associated  craftsmen  of  many 
kinds,  each  contributing  a  quality  of  skill  which  has  given  D-G 
Maps  an  enviable  reputation. 

Scholarship 

Knowledge  is  a  hard  taskmaster.  Those  who  believe  in  its 
authority  must  be  able  to  recognize  its  hallmark  and  be  willing  to 
follow  its  counsel  whithersoever  it  may  lead. 

In  the  last  two  decades  the  content  of  educational  texts 
including  geography  and  history  has  reflected  the  influence  of  the 
new  scholarship  and  the  new  educational  method.  The  school 
map,  as  part  of  the  school  equipment,  however,  did  not  experi- 
ence this  renaissance  until  1916  when  the  house  of  Denoyer- 
Geppert  applied  scholarship  and  pedagogical  method  to  the 
preparation  of  school  maps  that  would  fit  the  new  educational 
standards. 


4C9893 


It  was  no  easy  task  to  select  men  with  the  necessary  qualifi- 
cations to  edit  school  maps  for  the  better  teaching  of  geography 
and  history. 

The  D-G  Editorial  Board  now  comprises  fifteen  scholars, 
each  an  authority  in  some  special  department  of  history  or 
geography.  In  the  field  of  history,  six  of  America's  leading 
historians  have  collaborated  in  the  preparation  of  the  most 
extensive  series  of  school  maps  ever  produced.  In  the  depart- 
ment of  geography,  nine  geographers  of  national  and  some  of 
international  reputation,  have  prepared  a  series  of  political 
maps  that  were  at  once  recognized  as  a  unique  contribution  to 
education  in  America. 

STAFF  OF  HISTORY  MAP  EDITORS 

Prof.  James  H.  Breasted,  University  of  Chicago. 
Prof.  Carl  F.  Huth,  Jr.,  University  of  Chicago. 
Prof.  Samuel  B.  Harding,  University  of  Minnesota. 
Prof.  Albert  B.  Hart,  Harvard  University. 
Prof.  Herbert  E.  Bolton,  University  of  California. 
David  M.  Matteson,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

STAFF  OF  GEOGRAPHY  MAP  EDITORS 

Prof.  Charles  R.  Dryer,  Indiana  State  Normal  School. 
Prof.  William  M.  Davis,  Harvard  University. 
Prof.  Sumner  W.  Gushing,  late  of  Salem,  Mass.,  State  Nor- 
mal School. 
Prof.  Ellsworth  Huntington,  Yale  University. 
Jacques  W.  Redway,  Mt.  Vernon,  New  York. 
Prof.  Walter  S.  Tower,  formerly  of  University  of  Chicago. 
Prof.  Frank  Carney,  formerly  of  Denison  University. 
Prof.  J.  Russell  Smith,  Columbia  University. 
Prof.  George  B.  Roorbach,  Harvard  University. 

Craftsmanship 

In  the  production  of  school  maps  many  problems  enter  on 
the  artistic,  and  on  the  mechanical  side.  Color  carrying  power, 
contrasts  without  clashes,  size  of  lettering,  the  "hang"  of  each 
map;  these  and  many  other  elements  are  carefully  and  faithfully 
weighed  in  the  planning  and  in  the  execution  of  "D-G"  maps. 
(Continued  on  page  iv  in  back  of  book) 


CONTENTS 


Page 

Preface    2 

Introduction    3 

The  Peace  Treatiei 4 

Plebiscite  Areaa 5 

v'Mandatory   Territories 6 

The    Principles    Underlying    the 

New  Boundaries 7 

The  League  of  Nations 9 

The  New  Europe II 

Germany     12 

France 17 

Luxemburg 20 

Belgium     20 

Territories     Under     the     League 

of    Nations 21 

Territory  Controlled  by  the 
Principal  Allied  and  Asso- 
ciated Powers 22 

Poland    22 

The  Break-up  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary     25 

Austria    25 

Hungary    26 

Czecho-Slovakia    28 

Italy    29 

State  of  Fiume 30 

The  Balkans 31 

Rumania    32 

Jugo-Slavia    34 

Albania     35 

Bulgaria    35 

Greece 36 

Turkey    37 

Russia    40 

The   Baltic  States 42 

Esthonia     43 

Latvia    43 

Lithuania     43 

Finland    44 

Ukraine 45 

The  Caucasian   Republics 47 

Georgia 47 


Azerbaijan 
Armenia    . 


48 
48 


Page 

Neutral  Nations  and  Their  Ter- 
ritorial Gains 49 

Norway 49 

Denmark    50 

Liechtenstein    50 

Political  Changes  in  Asia 51 

Kurdistan     52 

Arabia    5 

Syria      5 

Palestine 53 

Cyprus     5 

Rhodes     5 

Hejaz     5 

Asir    5 

Yemen    5 

Irak   (Mesopotamia) 5 

Siberia    5 

Japan     5 

Germany's  Lost  Pacific  Posses- 
sions       58 

Australian  Mandatory  Territo- 
ries      60 

New  Zealand  Mandatory  Terri- 
tories      60 

Japan  in  the  Pacific 61 

Political  Changes  in  Africa ....  62 

Togo 63 

Kamerun     63 

Tanganyika     64 

Belgian  Kongo 69 

Southwest    Africa    Protectorate.  65 

Portuguese  Gains 66 

The     Treaty     of     London     and 

Italian    Colonies    66 

Egypt 66 

Kenia    67 

The  British  Empire 67 

The      United      States      and      the 

Peace  Settlement 68 

Political  Changes  Outside  the 
Scope  of  the  Peace  Settle- 
ment      69 

Iceland     69 

Republic  of  Central  America. .  .  69 

China     70 

Development  of  World  Em- 
pires 1914-1922 71 


r  e  r  a  c  e 


This  pamphlet  has  been  prepared  in  response  to  numerous  requests 
for  a  brief  outline  of  the  geographical  changes  due  to  the  World  War. 
The  literature  of  the  Peace  settlement  is  now  quite  extensive,  but  the 
geographic  side,  apart  from  articles  in  the  scientific  journals,  has  been 
somewhat  neglected.  The  difficulty  of  acquiring  reliable  information,  con- 
cerning the  new  areas,  offers,  perhaps,  sufficient  reason  for  this  neglect. 
The  works  of  Bowman,  Haskins  and  Lord,  Newbigin,  and  others  may  be 
referred  to  for  further  geographic  and  economic  details. 

The  following  pages  are  prepared  with  special  reference  to  the  new 
Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Political  Geography  Wall  Maps  (see  page  VII)  ; 
all  the  changes  mentioned  in  this  pamphlet  are  shown  on  these  maps.  The 
new  boundaries  as  show^n  on  these  new  maps  were  laid  down  from  the 
original  treaties  and  supplementary  agreements.  This  pamphlet  will  be 
found  useful  in  supplementing  the  school  geographies  by  bringing  up  to 
dale  the  unrevised  text  and  by  linking  up  the  past  and  present  political 
conditions  where  the  revised  text  is  now  in  use. 

In  the  peace  settlement,  historical,  racial,  economic,  and  political 
conditions  played  their  part.  In  this  outline,  obviously,  only  the  briefest 
reference  can  be  made  to  some  of  these  facts.  The  historical,  racial,  eco- 
nomic, and  political  backgrounds  of  Europe  are  treated  with  a  wealth  of 
detail  in  the  new  Harding  European  History  Wall  Series  (see  page  V), 
published  by  Denoyer-Geppert  Company,  to  which  references  are  made 
throughout  the  following  pages.  Particular  interest  centers  in  Map  H  23 
Europe  in  1914;  Map  H  24  Economic  Europe;  Map  H  25  Peoples  of  Eu- 
rope; Map  H  26  Northern  France,  Belgium  and  the  Rhine;  Map  H  27 
Europe  in  1920,  and  Map  H  28  Central  Europe  1921.  A  few  references 
are  also  made  to  the  Breasted  Ancient  History  Wall  Series  (see  page  V) 
and  the  Hart-Bolton  American  History  Wall  Series  (see  page  V),  also 
published  by  Denoyer-Geppert  Company. 

Professors  Breasted  and  Huth,  Harding,  and  Hart  and  Bolton  have 
written  separate  manuals  for  their  Ancient,  European,  and  American 
History  Maps;  the  teacher  w^ill  find  these  manuals  invaluable  for  detailed 
study  of  the  historical  development  of  lands  referred  to  in  this  pamphlet. 

It  might  prove  interesting  to  note  here  that  the  changes  throughout 
the  world  have  been  so  numerous  and  the  maps  of  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
Eastern  Hemisphere,  and  World  are  so  changed  that  it  is  quite  impossible 
to  teach  present-day  political  conditions  with  pre-war  maps.  Even  the 
Western  Hemisphere  map  is  altered  in  the  Pacific  area.  The  maps  of 
North  America  and  South  America  remain  untouched  by  the  peace  settle- 
ment, but  on  these  maps  the  march  of  the  explorer  and  the  development 
of  industry  and  commerce  have  made  significant  changes. 


Introduction 

THE  World  War  of  1914-18  profoundly  changed  the  political 
aspect  of  the  World.  Opposed  to  the  four  nations  of  the 
Central  Powers  were  twenty-two  Allied  and  Associated 
Powers  with  seven  more  who  had  severed  diplomatic  relations. 
Only  a  few  nations  remained  neutral. 

Of  Europe's  four  million  square  miles  of  territory,  seven- 
eighths  was  involved  in  the  conflict.  In  Africa,  only  430,000 
square  miles  out  of  a  total  area  of  1  1,500,000  square  miles,  re- 
mained neutral.  In  Asia,  about  one  twenty-fifth  of  its  1  7,000,- 
000  square  miles  was  not  involved  in  war.  Australia  was 
completely  at  war.  In  North  America  almost  all  the  nations 
were  directly  involved,  representing  four-fifths  of  its  9,400,000 
square  miles.  In  South  America,  one-half  remained  neutral. 
About  nine-tenths  of  the  area  of  the  entire  world  was  belligerent 
in  the  Great  World  War.  The  outcome  not  only  produced  great 
territorial  changes  but  also  great  political,  social  and  economic 
changes  which  will  profoundly  influence  the  future  development 
of  all  nations. 


Nations  Which  Made  Peace  at  Paris 

PRINCIPAL  ALLIED  AND  ASSOCIATED  POWERS 
United  States  France  Japan 


British  Empire 


Italy 


The  above  with  the  following  constituted  the  Allied  and  As- 
sociated Powers: — 


Armenia 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

China 

Cuba 

Czecho-Slovakia 

Ecuador 


Greece 

Guatemala 

Haiti 

Hejaz 

Honduras 

Jugo-SIavia 

Liberia 

Nicaragua 


Panama 

Peru 

Poland 

Portugal 

Rumania 

Siam 

Uruguay 


Germany 

*  Austria-Hungary 


CENTRAL  POWERS 


Bulgaria 
Turkey 


*Austria    and   Hungary   are    the    remnants    of    the    former 
Austro-Hungarian  Empire. 


The  Peace  Treaties 

IN  January,   1919,  representatives  of  the  Allied  and  Associated 
Powers  met  in  Paris  to  consider  the  terms   of  peace  to  be 
entered  into  with  Germany,  Austria,  Hungary,  Bulgaria,  and 
Turkey,  also  to  arrange  the  status  and  territorial  claims  of  the 
new  nations  which  had  arisen  as  the  outcome  of  the  war.     The 
following  treaties  were  negotiated: 

Treaty  of  Versailles,  June  25,  1919.  Signed  between  the  Repub- 
lic of  Germany  and  the  Allies,  provided  for  the  cession  of  German 
territory  to  other  nations,  the  loss  of  all  German  colonies,  the 
limitation  of  Germany's  army  and  navy,  and  for  restitution  and 
reparation. 

Treaty  of  St.  Germain,  September  27,  1919.  Signed  between  the 
new  Republic  of  Austria  and  the  Allies,  fixed  the  territorial  limits 
of  the  Republic  of  Austria,  limited  the  size  of  its  army,  regulated 
its  foreign  relations  and  inflicted  an  indemnity. 

Treaty  of  Neuilly,  November  27,  1919.  Signed  between  Bulgaria 
and  the  Allies,  provided  for  the  cession  of  Bulgarian  territory  to 
other  nations  and  the  payment  of  an  indemnity. 

Treaty  of  Trianon,  June  4,  1920.  Signed  between  the  new  Re- 
public of  Hungary  and  the  Allies,  provided  for  the  internationed 
relations  of  the  new  state  and  its  territorial  limits. 

Treaty  of  Sevres,  August  10,  1920.  Signed  between  Turkey  and 
the  Allies,  provided  for  the  cession  of  Turkish  territory  to  other 
nations,  the  creation  of  new  states  within  former  Turkish  terri- 
tory and  the  status  of  the  present  Turkish  Empire  in  international 
affairs. 

Other  major  treaties  which  affected  large  areas  in  Europe  are: 

Treaty  of  Rapallo,  November  10,  1920.  Signed  between  Italy 
and  Jugo-Slavia,  provided  for  the  settlement  of  the  disputed  ter- 
ritory between  these  states  and  the  creation  of  the  independent 
state  of  Fiume. 

Treaty  of  Riga,  March  18,  1921.  Signed  between  Poland  and 
Russia,  provided  for  the  determining  of  the  boundary  between 
these  states  and  their  diplomatic  and  commercial  relations  to 
each  other. 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  5 

Russia  has  also  concluded  treaties  affecting  territorial  ques- 
tions with  Finland.  Esthonia,  Latvia,  Lithuania.  Georgia,  Azer- 
baijan, Armenia,   Turkey,  and  the  Far  Eastern  Republic. 

Russia  has  also  concluded  trade  treaties  with  some  of  the 
European  nations  which,  with  their  provisions  for  opening  of 
Russian  trade  with  the  larger  world,  provide  also,  in  part,  recog- 
nition of  the  new  Soviet  Government. 

The  United  States  did  not  ratify  the  Treaties  of  Versailles, 
St.  Germain,  and  Trianon.  The  United  States  signed  the  follow- 
ing separate  treaties  :  With  Austria,  August  24,  1921  ;  with  Ger- 
many, August  25,    1921  ;  with  Hungary,  August  29,    192L 

REFERENCES 

The  new  boundaries  in  Europe  as  laid  down  in  the  Peace 
Treaties  are  well  shown  on  Map  J2  Europe  (1921),  edited  by 
William  Morris  Davis  of  Harvard  University  (Denoyer-Geppert 
Series  of  Political  Geography  Maps)  ;  also  on  Map  H28  Central 
Europe,   1918-1921,  in  the  Harding  European  History  Series. 

Plebiscite  Areas 

THE  Peace  Conference  reaffirmed  the  principle  of  nationality 
and  the  right  of  peoples  to  decide  to  w^hich  states  they  de- 
sired to  belong.  Certain  areas  of  Europe  involved  in  the 
peace  discussion  were  not  allotted  by  the  Peace  Conference  but 
the  final  choice  w^as  left  to  the  inhabitants  of  these  regions  to  be 
decided  by  vote. 

TTie  following  regions  were  plebiscite  areas: — 

1.  Schlesw^ig  (two  zones)  5.  Teschen 

2.  East  Prussia  (part)  6.  Orava 

3.  Upper  Silesia  7.  Spiz. 

4.  Klagenfurt 

TTie  three  last  areas  were  not  voted  on,  but  the  frontiers 
were  decided  on  by  the  Council  of  Ambassadors. 

The  results  of  the  voting  on  the  plebiscite  areas  were  as  fol- 
lows:— 

1 .  Schleswig — one  zone  to  Denmark  and  the  other  to 
Germany. 

2.  East  Prussia — voted  to  remain  part  of  Germany. 

3.  Upper  Silesia — vote  taken;  boundary  determined  by 
League  of  Nations. 

4.  Klagenfurt — voted  to  become  part  of  Austria. 


6  DENOYF.R-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

Saar  Basin  and  the  Smyrna  district  will,  after  a  definite 
period  of  years,  vote  on  the  question  of  sovereignty. 

REFERENCE 

The  plebiscite  areas  and  their  disposition  are  shown  on  Map 
H28  Central  Europe,  1918-1921,  in  the  Harding  European  His- 
tory Series. 


Mandatory  Territories 

SINCE  the  Allies  refused  to  restore  to  Germany  her  colonies 
there  arose  the  problem  of  the  disposal  of  these  areas.  In 
the  great  colonial  expansion  of  the  European  powers  prac- 
tically all  of  Africa  and  most  of  Asia  had  been  brought  under 
European  influence.  The  desire  for  markets  and  the  exploitation 
of  the  natural  resources  in  these  areas  developed  keen  interna- 
tional rivalry.  Annexation  by  the  successful  nations  would  not 
remove  the  friction  which  has  in  the  past  so  frequently  produced 
international  trouble,  even  war.  At  the  Peace  Conference,  the 
former  German  colonies,  with  parts  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  were 
assigned  to  different  nations  in  the  form  of  mandates.  The  man- 
dates are  drawn  as  treaties  of  trust  which  the  mandatory  power 
agrees  to  execute  on  behalf  of  the  League  of  Nations.  The  man- 
datory powers  must  report  to  the  League  of  Nations  on  their 
respective  mandatory  territories  annually.  The  following  are 
the  Mandatory  Territories. 

Africa 

rParts   of  Togo   and   Kamerun, 
'rr\  <^Dr-AT-  T->r>TT-AiM  J  most   of   former   German   East 

TO  GREAT  BRITAIN U^i^^  (now  called  Tanganyika 

"-Territory) . 

TO  UNION  OF  SOUTH  I  Former   German  Southwest 

AFRICA "I  Africa   (now  called  Southwest 

[Africa). 

TO  FRANCE Parts   of  Togo   and   Kamerun. 

TO   BELGIUM A  small  part  of  former  German 

East  Africa. 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  7 

Oceania 

TO  AUSTRALIA Former    German    New    Guinea 

and  adjacent  islands. 

TO  NEW  ZEALAND Samoa  Islands  (former  Germzoi 

part). 

TO   BRITISH   EMPIRE Nauru  Island. 

TO   JAPAN All  former  German  possessions 

north  of  the  equator. 

Asia 

TO  GREAT   BRITAIN Mesopotamia  and  Palestine. 

TO  FRANCE Syria. 

TO  GREECE Smyrna. 

REFERENCES 

The  new  wall  maps,  J 3  Asia,  J4  Africa,  J  7  Eastern  Hemis- 
phere, J8  Western  Hemisphere,  J9  World,  in  the  Denoyer-Gep- 
pert  Series  of  Political  Geography  Maps  show  the  mandatory 
territories  as  arranged  by  the  Peace  Conference. 


The  Principles  Underlying  the  New 
Boundaries 

AN  analysis  shows  that  the  territorial  changes  made  by  the 
Peace  Conference  may  be  classified  as  follows: — 

(a)      Modification  of  frontier,  affirming  the  principle 
of  nationality;  as  in  case  of  Schleswig,  Rumania,  Poland,  etc. 

(b)  Boundary  changes  determined  by  strategic  and  not 
national  considerations;  as  in  case  of  Italy  (Tyrol). 

(c)  States  created  out  of  disrupted  states  upon  a  so-called 
national  basis  but  actually  founded  on  racial  lines;  as  in  case  of 
Armenia,   Austria,   etc. 

(d)  Areeis  divided  as  spoils  of  war  but  not  actually  an- 
nexed by  the  powers.     Such  areas  axe  the  Mandatory  Territories 


8  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

under  the  guardianship  of  the  various  powers  who  hold  the  maii- 
dates  from  the  League  of  Nations;  as  in  the  case  of  the  former 
German  colonies. 

(e)  Economic  conditions  also  were  significant  factors  in 
determining  boundaries,  the  possession  of  coal  and  iron  being 
especially  a  determining  factor.  The  Saar  Basin,  Alsace-Lorraine 
and   Upper   Silesia  are   instances. 

The  difficulties  in  applying  these  principles  in  the  remaking 
of  Europe  were  tremendous.  Considering  the  conflicting  de- 
mands of  the  combatants,  the  claims  of  de  facto  governments 
seeking  recognition,  the  economic  exhaustion  of  most  of  the 
nations,  and  antagonisms  not  yet  stilled,  the  final  peace,  while 
not  perfect,  is  in  many  respects  a  compromise  w^hich  will  make 
for  a  permanent  basis  of  peace  amongst  the  nations.  A  study  of 
the  territorial  settlements  outlined  in  these  pages  shows  that  the 
new  boundaries  of  Europe,  while  in  many  cases  still  arbitrary  and 
indefensible,  agree  in  the  main  with  the  national  aspirations  of 
racial  groups. 

For  a  proper  understanding  of  the  terms  of  the  peace 
treaties  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  final  peace  terms  were 
largely  conditioned  by  agreements  made  between  the  Allies  dur- 
ing the  war.  The  Central  Powers,  too,  had  their  "secret  treaties," 
but  their  interest  now  is  purely  academic.  The  adherence  of  Italy 
to  the  Allied  cause  was  obtained  by  the  now  famous  Treaty  of 
London  of  April  26th,  1915,  by  which  treaty  Italy  was  to  obtain 
the  Trentino,  Southern  Tyrol,  Istria,  part  of  the  Dalmatian  Coast, 
Avlona,  a  protectorate  over  Albania,  the  Dodecanese  (Sporades) 
in  the  Aegean,  part  of  Asia  Minor,  and  compensation  in  Africa. 

Greece,  in  November  1914  and  again  in  the  winter  of  1915, 
was  offered  Southern  Albania  and  territory  in  Asia  Minor,  also 
Cyprus,  in  return  for  her  aid.  Greece  did  not  then  accept,  but 
later  she  joined  the  Allies  and  as  the  peace  settlement  shows,  she 
obtained  the  larger  part  of  the  earlier  promises.  In  March,  1915, 
Britain  and  France  agreed  that  Russia  should  annex  Constan- 
tinople and  the  Straits.  Russia  in  return  acknowledged  British 
interests  predominant  in  Persia  and  other  spheres. 

In  the  spring  of  1916,  Britain,  France,  and  Russia  arranged 
the  Near  East  according  to  their  particular  claims.  Later  the 
question  of  territorial  readjustment  in  Central  Europe  was  ar- 
ranged. In  August  1916  Rumania,  anxious  to  extend  her  power 
over  "Rumania  Irredenta,"  was  promised  Bukovina  and  Transyl- 
vania in  exchange  for  her  aid. 


THE  WORLD   REMAPPED  9 

Japan  entered  the  war  with  a  very  definite  understanding 
regarding  her  position  in  the  Far  East.  The  Russian  Revolution 
led  to  a  revision  of  the  Asia  Minor  agreement  and  incidentally 
many  of  these  secret  arrangements  were  made  public  by  the 
Soviet  power  for  the  first  time.  The  British  arranged  for  an  in- 
dependent  Pan   Arabic   State. 

When  the  Peace  Conference  met.  many  of  the  causes  which 
led  to  some  of  these  secret  arrangements  no  longer  existed,  and 
others  had  changed.  These  agreements,  some  of  which  violated 
the  principle  of  nationality,  can  only  be  defended  on  the  ground 
of  expediency  and  that  the  aid  of  these  allies  was  w^orth  the 
somewhat  harsh  terms.  A  consideration  of  the  actual  peace  set- 
tlement will  show  how  far  the  agreements  have  been  adhered  to. 

REFERENCES 

Map  H23  Europe  1914,  Map  H24  Economic  Europe,  Map 
H25  Peoples  of  Europe,  Map  H26  Northern  France,  Be!?^ium  and 
the  Rhine,  and  Map  H23  Central  Europe.  1918-1921,  all  in  the 
Harding  European  History  Series,  will  be  found  useful  in  under- 
standing some  of  the  causes  of  the  World  War,  and  also  illustrate 
the  principles  underlying  the  territorial  changes. 

The  League  of  Nations 

AT  the  forefront  of  all  the  treaties  entered  into  between  the 
Allies  and  the  Central  Powers  is  the  Covenant  of  the  League 
of  Nations.  This  is  the  first  comprehensive  attempt  to 
combine  all  of  the  nations  of  the  world  into  a  league  to  preserve 
world  peace  and  provide  for  matters  of  international  concern. 
By  the  Covenant  of  the  League  of  Nations  subscribed  to  by  the 
nations  listed  below,  the  League  of  Nations  receives  an  annual 
report  from  the  mandatory  powers.  The  League  will  endeavor 
to  seek  hum.ane  labor  conditions  throughout  the  world;  the  just 
treatment  of  natives  in  mandatory  territories;  the  regulation  of 
the  opium  traffic;  the  regulation  of  trade  in  arms;  the  mainte- 
nance of  freedom  of  communications,  and  the  prevention  and 
control  of  disease.  The  League  has  formulated  plans  for  the  in- 
stitution of  a  Permanent  Court  of  International  Justice.  Disarma- 
ment is  also  one  of  the  aims  of  the  League.  The  regulation  of 
international  finance  and  uniformity  of  international  statistics  are 
being  considered  by  the  League.  By  the  terms  of  the  Covenant, 
all  members  of  the  League  are  required  to  register  every  treaty  or 
international  agreement  entered  into  by  them;  no  treaty  shall  be 
binding  unless  so  registered.     This  arrangement  marks  a  notable 


10 


DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 


step  in  open  diplomacy.  The  Leagfue  also  undertakes  to  settle 
disputes  between  its  members.  Already  the  League  has  con- 
sidered several  territorial  disputes.  The  League  of  Nations  con- 
trols the  Free  City  of  Danzig,  and  the  Saar  Basin,  and  overseas 
mandated  territories  containing  about  1 3,000,000  backward 
peoples. 

State  Members  Mentioned  in  the  Covensmt 


Argentina 

*  Australia 

*  Belgium 
^Bolivia 
*Brazil 
*Canada 

Chile 
*China 

Colombia 
*Cuba 
*Czecho-Slovakia 

Denmark 
^France 
'^Great  Britain 


*Greece 

^Guatemala 

*Haiti 

^Honduras 

*India 

*Italy 

*Japan 

*Jugo-Slavia 

^Liberia 

Netherlands 
*New  Zealand 
^Nicaragua 

Norway 
^'Panama 


Paraguay 

Persia 
*Peru 
^Poland 
^Portugal 
^Rumania 

Salvador 
*Siam 

Spain 
*South  Africa 

Sweden 

Switzerland 
*  Uruguay 


V 


enezueia 


^Members  by   signing  the  Treaty. 
All  others  members  by  invitation. 


Albania 
Austria 
Bulgaria 


State  Members  Later  Admitted 

Costa  Rica  Latvia 

Lithuania 
Luxemburg 


Esthonia 
Finland 


States  Applying  for  Membership 

Hungary  Monaco 


Iceland 
Liechtenstein 


San  Marino 
Ukraine 


Armenia 
Azerbaijan 
*"'Georgia 

^Admitted  to  the  technical  organizations  of  the  League. 
States  Not  Members  of  the  League 


Abyssinia 

Germany 

Dominican    Repub 

Afghanistan 

Mexico 

lie 

Andorra 

Morocco 

Turkey 

*Arabia    (Hejaz) 

Nepal 

^United  States 

Bhutan 

Oman 

^Ecuador 

Russia 

^Entitled  to  original  membership  under  the  Covenant. 


The  New  Europe 


IN  1914  there  were  in  Europe  twenty-six  sovereign  nations, 
large  and  small.  In  January,  1921,  there  were  not  less  than 
thirty-four  sovereign  states.  In  Europe  proper,  ten  have  been 
created  as  a  result  of  the  war.  In  the  adjoining  regions  of  Asia, 
in  areas  politically  controlled  by  Europe,  three  other  sovereign 
states  have  arisen  besides  various  mandates  in  Asia  Minor  and 
Arabia. 

In  the  following  summary  it  should  be  noted  that  of  the 
states  existing  in  1914  only  twelve  have  remained  unchanged  in 
area. 

Countries   Unchanged   in   Area    1914-1921 

Form  of 

Government  Square  Miles  Population 

Albania    Republic  11.000  524,000 

Andorra     Republic  191  5,000 

British  Isles Kingdom  121,633  46,174.000 

Liechtenstein     Principality  65  1  0,700 

Luxemburg     Grand  Duchy  999  263,000 

Monaco    Principality  8  22,900 

Netherlands      Kingdom  12,582  6,841,000 

Portugal     Republic  35,490  5.95  7,000 

San  Marino Republic  38  1  2.000 

Spain Kingdom  194,783  20,783,000 

Sweden     Kingdom  173,035  5.847,000 

Switzerland     Republic  15,976  3,861,000 

Countries  Which  Have  Gained  in  Area  Since  1914 

Form  of  Square  Miles —  — Population — 

Government  1914  1921                     1914  1 92 1 

Belgium         Kingdom  11,373  11,757           7,500,000  7.600,000 

Denmark   .  Kingdom  15,582  16,566          2,940.000  3,268,000 

France    ...Republic  207,054  212,662  39.061.000  41,475,000 

Greece    ...Kingdom  41,931  65,490          4.821,000  7.000.000 

Italy Kingdom  110.632  117.982  36.120,000  39,500,000 

Norway    ..Kingdom  125.000  150.000          2.400.000  2,691.000 

Rumania  ..  Kingdom  53.489  122,282          7.500,000  17,393,000 

Countries  Which  Have  Lost  in  Area  Since  1914 

Form  of          Square  Miles —  — Population — 

Government          1914                  1921  1914  1921 

Bulgaria      .Kingdom             47,750           40,730  4.800,000  4,300,000 

Germany     .Republic           203.178          175,709  64,925,000  58,000,000 

(est.)  (est.) 

Russia     ...Soviet  Rep.   1,867,700      1,301,400  137,420.000  62,000.000 

Turkey   ...  Sultanate           613,724          174,900  21,000,000  8,000,000 


12  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

Ne\%  Nations  Since  1914 

Form    of 
Government  Square  Miles  Population 

Austria        Republic  30.700  6,139,000 

Czecho-Slovakia     Republic  43,500  13.600.000 

ELsthonia      Republic  23,160  1,750.000 

Finland     Republic  1 33,000  3,300.000 

Fiume     Republic  8  49,000 

Hungary     Kingdom  35,164  8,481,000 

Iceland     Kingdom  39,709  91,000 

Jugo-Slavia     Kingdom  95,628  11,337,000 

Latvia    Republic  24,400  1.503,000 

Lithuania Republic  36,500  4,657,000 

Poland Republic  1 49.000  29,840,000 

Ukraine Republic  300,000  40,000,000 

Georgia    Republic  40,000  3. 1  76,000 

Azerbaijan Republic  30,000  4,615,000 

Armenia        Republic  60,000  3,000,000 

Jugo-Slavia  is  the  enlarged  Serbia.  Austria-Hungary  is  the 
only  political  unit  which  has  completely  disappeared  from  the 
map  of  Europe  though  it  may  still  be  recognized  in  the  small 
states  of  Austria  and  Hungary.  Iceland  was  formerly  a  part  of 
Denmark.  Georgia,  Azerbaijan,  and  Armenia  are  properly  in 
Asia. 

REFERENCES 

Pre-war  Europe  is  shown  on  Map  H23  Europe  1914,  in  the 
Harding  European  History  Series.  The  new  Europe  is  shown  on 
Map  J2  Europe,  edited  by  William  Morris  Davis  of  Harveird 
University  (Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Political  Geography 
Maps). 

Map  H28  Central  Europe,  1918-1921,  in  the  Harding 
European  History  Series  shows  on  a  large  scale  the  new  states  of 
Central  Europe,  and  the  territorial  changes  made  by  the  numer- 
ous peace  treaties.  The  pre-war  boundaries  are  also  shown.  The 
showing  of  pre-war  and  after  the  war  boundaries  on  this  map 
should  prove  of  extreme  value  to  the  teacher  and  student  of  his- 
tory and  geography. 


B 


Germany 

Y  the  Treaty  of  Versailles,  1919.  Germany  lost  a  large  area 
of  her  homeland  and  all  of  her  colonial  possessions.  The 
follow^ing  tables  summarize  her  losses: 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  13 

TERRITORY  CEDED  TO 

Square  Miles 

France     5,608 

Denmark     984 

Poland    18.024 

Belgium    384 

Czecho-Sloveikia    '00 

TERRITORY  UNDER  1  Danzig    729 

LEAGUE  OF  N ATIONS .  J  Saar  Basin 730 

PRINCIPAL  ALLIED  AND    1..       ,  o.^, 

ASSOCIATED  POWERS,  [kernel    V  IV 

Total 27,469 

Area  of  Germany,  1914 203,178 

Area  of  Germany,    1921    (est.) 175,709 

Population  of  Germany,   1914 64,925,000 

Population  of  Germany,   1921    (est.) 58,000,000 


GERMANY'S  LOST  COLONIAL  EMPIRE 
Africa 


TO  BRITISH  EMPIRE 


Square  Miles 

German  East  Africa 364,900 

German  S.  W.  Africa 322,000 

Togo,   part  of 12,500 

Kamerun,   part  of 33,000 


TO  FRANCE 

TO  BELGIUM 
TO  PORTUGAL 


Total    732.400 

/  Kamerun,  part  of 265,000 

I    Togo,   part   of 21,200 

Total 286,200 

J    German  East  Africa 

I        (part  of)    19.000 


Kionga  "Triangle" 


100 


Total  in  Africa 1.037.700 


14 


DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 


TO  JAPAN 


TO  BRITISH  EMPIRE  <^ 


TO  JAPAN 


Asia 

Kiaochow 

Oceania 

New  Guinea 

Isleuid  Groups  (Bismeu-ck 
Archipelago,  Solomon 
Isleuids,  Samoa  Islands, 
Nauru  Island).'. 

Caroline  Islands 

Marshall  Isleinds 

Mariana  Islands 

Pelew  Islands 


Square  Milea 

200 


70,000 


21.038 


960 


Total  in  Oceania 91.998 


Grand  total  of  Germany's  former  colonies,  1.129.898 
square  miles. 

Germany's  greatest  territorial  loss  is  on  her  eastern  fron- 
tier. Eeist  Prussia  is  now  sepeurated  from  Germany  proper  by  a 
broad  strip  of  Polish  territory  which  was  ceded  to  Poland  because 
of  ethnic  and  economic  considerations.  Germeuiy  has  been 
granted  free  communication  with  East  Prussia,  across  this  strip  of 
Polish  territory. 

By  the  terms  of  the  Peace  Treaty,  Germany  hcis  had  her 
army  and  navy  restricted,  fortifications  destroyed  in  certain 
areas,  and  a  large  indemnity  inflicted.  Germany  has  also  lost 
territory  which  contained  some  of  her  most  valuable  agricultureJ, 
mineral  and  industrial  resources.  The  lost  territories  of  Schles- 
wig,  Alsace-Lorraine,  and  territory  lost  to  Poland  contained 
12%  of  her  population. 

In  Alsace-Lorraine,  Germany  has  lost  valuable  deposits  of 
iron,  coal  and  potash.  In  1913  the  iron  mines  of  Lorraine  (Ger- 
man) produced  75%  of  the  iron  ore  output  of  Germany,  and 
the  resources  of  this  field  constituted  47%  of  Germany's  total. 
The  loss  of  this  important  iron  ore  area  makes  Germany  now 
dependent  on  foreign  supplies  for  the  maintenance  of  her  suprem- 
acy in  iron  manufacture.  Germany  now  has  1  1  %  of  Europe's 
iron  ore  reserves  and  Fremce  35%.  The  coal  deposits  of  the 
Saar  Basin  are  ceded  to  France.  Before  the  war  this  field  pro- 
duced 9%  of  Germany's  total  coal  output  and  held  22%  of  her 
total  coal  reserves. 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  15 

Before  the  war  Germany  had  a  monopoly  of  the  world's 
output  of  potash  (about  95%).  The  valuable  deposits  in  Lor- 
raine are  now  in  the  possession  of  France.  Germany,  however, 
has  deposits  in  other  areas  of  the  republic. 

Besides  the  loss  of  these  important  resources,  Germany's 
industrial  loss  includes  the  textiles  of  Alsace,  the  cotton  mills  of 
which  ranked  foremost  in  the  Empire,  and  the  iron  manufactures 
of  Lorraine.  With  Alsace-Lorraine,  Germany  was  able  to  build 
up  her  industrial  and  military  power;  with  its  loss  Germany  will 
be  helpless  for  aggression  and  her  industrial  development  de- 
pends upon  the  cultivation  of  friendly  economic  relations  with 
France.  The  economic  resources  of  the  territory  ceded  to 
Poland  and  Denmark  are  mainly  agricultural.  The  important 
cities  of  Strasbourg,  Metz,  and  Posen  are  included  in  the  lost 
territory. 

The  Treaty  of  Versailles  took  from  Germany  12%  (est.) 
of  her  population,  6%  of  her  coal  output,  75%  of  her  iron  ore, 
20%  of  her  potash  and  an  appreciable  percentage  of  her  agri- 
cultural resources.  Germany  also  lost  all  of  her  colonies,  thus 
making  her  dependent  on  other  nations  in  the  years  to  come  for 
raw  materials  from  these  tropical  regions. 

The  territorial  division  of  the  Upper  Silesia  Plebiscite  area 
was  determined  by  the  League  of  Nations  in  October,  1921. 
Germany  retains  almost  three- fourths  of  the  area,  but  has  lost 
to  Poland  a  large  part  of  the  highly  mineralized  area.  This  area 
has  both  agricultural  and  mineral  wealth.  Before  the  war,  more 
than  one-fifth  of  the  coal  production  of  Germany  came  from 
this  field.  TTie  zinc  deposits  of  Silesia  are  the  richest  in  Europe, 
making  Germany,  in  1913,  the  second  greatest  producer  in  the 
world.  Practically  the  entire  zinc  industry  of  Upper  Silesia  has 
now  passed  to  Poland. 

International  Waterways.  By  the  terms  of  the  Peace  Treaty 
certain  navigable  rivers  that  could  be  used  by  various  nations 
were  declared  open  and  free.  The  freedom  of  navigation  of  the 
Rhine  has  been  re-established,  and  as  France  now  borders  the 
E^ine  the  German  hold  on  the  Rhine  has  been  lost.  The  Elbe, 
with  the  Moldau,  is  internationalized  to  Prague,  thus  giving 
Czecho-Slovakia  access  through  Germany  to  the  sea.  The  Oder, 
and  Nieman  are  also  declared  open  and  free,  giving  Poland  ac- 
cess to  the  Baltic.     The  Danube  below  Ulm  (in  Germany)  is  also 


16  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

internationalized.  The  commerce  of  Southern  Germany,  Austria, 
Czecho-Slovakia,  Hungary,  and  Jugo-Slavia  will  use  the  Danube. 
The  Kiel  Canal  is  made  free  to  shipping  of  all  nations.  The  open- 
ing of  these  important  waterways  gives  the  interior  countries  of 
Europe  an  opportunity  to  develop  commerce  w^ith  the  outside 
world. 

Germany's  Lost  Colonies.  German  state  colonization  began 
in  1 884  when  Togo  and  Kamerun  in  Africa  were  acquired.  With 
the  loss  of  all  colonial  possessions  Germany's  dream  of  a  world 
empire  vanishes.  When  the  war  began  in  1914  Germany  was 
slowly  building  up  a  tremendous  influence  in  the  Near  East,  with 
the  Berlin  to  Bagdad  Plan  as  its  main  motive.  In  Africa  she 
had  constructed  an  empire  of  over  1,000,000  square  miles,  five 
times  the  area  of  Germany  in  Europe.  In  China  she  possessed 
one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  Far  East,  and  throughout  the 
Pacific  she  had  established  colonies  of  great  economic  and 
strategic  importance.  The  German  colonies,  though  rich  in  agri- 
cultural, forest,  and  mineral  resources,  remained  very  much  un- 
developed; but  had  Germany  retained  possession  of  her  colonies 
they  would,  in  time,  have  become  important  sources  of  rav» 
materials  for  the  needs  of  her  industries. 


REFERENCES 

TTie  historical  development  of  Modern  Germany  is  well 
illustrated  on  Map  H20  German  Empire,  in  the  Harding  Euro- 
pean History  Series.  German  colonial  expansion  is  show^n  on 
Map  H22  The  World,  1914.  The  industrial  and  economic 
growth  of  Germany  is  shown  on  Map  H20  German  Empire. 
This  map  also  illustrates  some  of  the  economic  problems  which 
determined  the  territorial  changes  made  by  the  Peace  Conference. 

The  ethnic  factors  which  partly  determined  the  new  eastern 
boundary  of  Germany  are  shown  on  Map  H25  Peoples  of  Europe. 
The  new  German  Republic  is  shown  on  Map  J2  Europe,  in  the 
Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Political  Geography  Maps.  Map 
H28  Central  Europe,  1918-1921,  in  the  Harding  European 
History  Series  shows  on  a  large  scale  the  new  Germany  as  out- 
lined by  the  Treaty  of  Versailles. 

The  important  territorial  and  economic  losses  of  Germany 
on  her  western  border  are  shown  on  Map  H26  Northern  France, 
Belgium,  and  the  Rhine,  1914-1919,  in  the  Harding  European 
History  Series. 


>  17 

France 

TERRITORIAL  ACQUISITIONS.  1919 

Square  Milea 

IN  EUROPE Alsace-Lorraine  5.608 

Saar  Basin  (coal  only) 

IN  AFRICA Kamerun  265,000 

Togo  21.200 

IN  ASIA Syria  120,000 


Total  411.808 


THE  Treaty  of  Versailles  1919,  Part  3,  states  that  "The  terri- 
tories which  were  ceded  to .  Germany  in  accordance  with 
the  Preliminaries  of  Peace  signed  at  Versailles  on  February 
26,  1871,  and  the  Treaty  of  Frankfort  of  May  10,  1871,  are 
restored  to  French  sovereignty  as  from  the  date  of  the  Armistice 
of  November  1  1.  1918."  In  these  w^ords  Alsace-Lorraine  was 
reunited  to  France.  By  the  addition  of  Alsace-Lorraine,  France 
becomes  the  second  largest  country  in  Europe. 

Alsace-Lorraine  was  for  a  long  period  part  of  France  up  to 
1871  when  Germany  took  the  province  as  part  of  the  price  of 
peace.  The  return  of  Alsace-Lorraine,  an  area  equal  to  the  com- 
bined area  of  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  has  more  than  a 
moral  significance  to  that  nation.  The  new  boundary  gives 
France  a  good  strategic  frontier,  possessing  undoubted  ad- 
vantage for  offense  and  defense.  The  economic  loss  to  Ger- 
many entailed  through  the  loss  of  that  territory  has  already  been 
mentiond. 

The  value  of  Alsace-Lorraine  consists  not  only  in  the  soil, 
producing  large  crops  of  grapes,  wheat  and  other  products,  but 
also  in  its  mineral  resources.  The  iron  ore  of  Lorraine,  the 
potash  and  petroleum  of  Alsace,  are  welcome  additions  to  the 
not  over-plentiful  mineral  resources  of  France.  When  Alsace- 
Lorraine  became  part  of  the  German  Empire  in  1871  the  great 
potential  value  of  the  Lorraine  iron  field  had  not  been  realized. 
Bismarck  and  his  advisers  believed  that  the  commercial  ore 
bodies  in  this  region  were  limited  to  the  outcrops  and  so  fixed  the 
boundary  to  include  the  areas  where  ore  had  been  mined.  By 
ignorance  of  the  geologic  conditions  the  larger  part  of  the  Lor- 
raine iron  field  was  left  to  France.     German  dependence  on  the 


18  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

iron  of  Lorraine  before  the  war  is  illustrated  by  the  fact  that  75  % 
of  her  total  output  came  from  Lorraine  (German).  The  Lor- 
raine iron  district,  formerly  extending  on  both  sides  of  the 
Franco-German  frontier  and  now  entirely  within  France  (except 
for  a  small  extension  into  Luxemburg),  is  the  largest  iron  field  in 
Europe.     Its  output  in  1913  was  48%  of  Europe's  total  output. 

Before  1871  iron  ore  of  the  minette  type,  then  thought  to 
be  of  little  value,  was  mined  in  the  areas  of  Meurthe  and  Moselle 
in  France.  France  was  allowed  to  retain  these  "useless"  deposits 
but  later  when  a  process  was  invented  to  utilize  these  minette 
ores  efficiently,  these  ore  deposits  added  greatly  to  the  produc- 
tion of  iron  ore  in  France.  In  1884  iron  ores  were  discovered 
underlying  the  plateau  of  Briey  on  the  French  side  of  the  fron- 
tier. The  French  Lorraine  field  contains  greater  iron  ore  re- 
serves than   the   former   German  Lorraine   field. 

Germany  realized  in  later  years  the  significance  of  the 
French  iron  ore  fields,  and  early  in  the  war,  Germany  seized 
control  of  all  the  Lorraine  fields.  Germany,  also,  had  seized  by 
her  invasion  of  Belgium  all  the  coal  fields  of  northern  France. 
France,  therefore,  early  in  the  war,  suffered  the  loss  of  vital 
economic  resources. 

IRON  ORE  PRODUCTION  IN  EUROPE  1913 

Tons 

German  Empire  (total)    28,600,000 

German  Lorraine 21 ,000.000 

France    21 ,900,000 

Luxemburg    7,300,000 

Rest  of  Europe 29. 1 00.000 

On  the  basis  of  the  production  of  1913,  Germany's  produc- 
tion of  iron  ore,  with  the  loss  of  Alsace-Lorraine,  would  now  be 
about  7,000,000  tons,  while  that  of  France  would  increase  to 
42,000,000  tons. 

The  Treaty  of  Versailles  has  left  Germany  with  only  1  1  % 
of  the  iron  resources  of  Europe  while  France  owns  35%. 

During  the  war  France  suffered  damage  to  the  extent  of 
74%  of  her  coal  and  mineral  production.  To  compensate  her 
for  this  loss,  the  Treaty  of  Versailles  ceded  to  France  the  coal 
field  (only)  of  the  Saar  Basin  in  Rhineland  (Germany).  France 
also  obtains  an  additional  supply  of  coal  in  the  annexed  Lorraine, 
which  in  1913  produced  3.795.000  tons  of  coal.  The  great 
need  of  France,  however,  is  a  larger  supply  of  coking  coal;  the 
new  supplies  do  not  yield  any  coking  coal.     Because  of  the  lack 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  19 

of  coking  coal,  France,  before  1913,  exported  a  considerable 
part  of  the  iron  ore  output  of  French  Lorraine  to  Germany.  In 
1913  France  controlled  but  1.7%  of  the  coal  reserves  of  Europe 
as  compared  with  38%  held  by  Germany.  France  now  controls 
8%  while  Germeiny  now  controls  32%  of  the  coal  reserves  of 
Europe. 

Germany  still  maintains  her  superiority  in  coal  reserves,  but 
her  iron  reserves  have  suffered  serious  curtailment.  France 
on  the  other  hand  has  now  enormous  iron  reserves,  but  even 
with  recent  additions  is  short  of  coal,  especially  coking  coal. 
Germany's  need  for  the  iron  ore  of  France  and  the  need  by 
France  for  the  coking  coal  of  Germany  is  one  of  the  many  rea- 
sons why  an  early  resumption  of  normal  trade  relations  betw^een 
France  and  Germany  is  to  be  looked  for. 

Next  in  value  of  the  minerals  in  the  ceded  territory  is  the 
potash  of  Mulhausen  (Alsace),  one  of  the  few  known  deposits  in 
the  world.  This  field  is  very  recent,  being  first  opened  up  in 
1911.  These  deposits  were  never  wholly  developed  by  Ger- 
many as  she  had  other  mines  in  the  Empire.  Before  the  war, 
Germany  had  a  world  monopoly  on  potash. 

Less  valuable  are  the  petroleum  deposits  north  of  Stras- 
bourg (Alsace).  The  annual  production  in  1918  was  over 
700,000  barrels,  and  as  France  possesses  only  a  very  limited 
supply  of  oil  shale,  the  addition  of  this  product  is  valuable  and 
opportune  as  oil  is  coming  to  be  more  and  more  important  as  a 
fuel  for  motive  power.  When  Germemy  discovered  the  tre- 
mendous potentialities  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  Alsace-Lorraine, 
she  proceeded  with  characteristic  energy  to  develop  this  area. 
Alsace-Lorraine  became  one  of  the  important  industrial  regions 
of  Germany.  The  development  of  iron  manufacturing  centers 
followed  logically  and  in  1913  Alsace-Lorraine  produced  3,869,- 
000  tons  of  iron  and  2,286,000  tons  of  steel.  Alsace  also  devel- 
oped textile  centers,  the  cotton  mills  of  which  ranked  foremost 
in   Germany. 

Strasbourg  (pop.  178,890),  an  important  port  on  the 
Rhine,  Mulhausen  (pop.  95,041),  Metz  (pop.  68,598),  and  Col- 
mar  (pop.  43,000)  are  among  the  industrial  centers  in  this  new 
French  territory.  TTie  extension  of  the  French  frontier  makes  the 
Rhine  a  French  river.  The  freedom  of  the  Rhine  to  the  shipping 
of  the  world  was  stipulated  in  the  Treaty  of  Versailles.  Kehl,  a 
new  port  on  the  Rhine  in  Baden,  has  by  the  treaty  become  at- 
tached to  Strasbourg  for  a  term  of  years.  Alsace-Lorraine  has  a 
population  of  1,874,000.     The  majority,   1,634,000  are  German 


20  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

spesiking,  while  only  240,000  Eire  French.  The  re-accession  of 
Alsace-Lorraine  to  France,  with  its  great  tninerEil  wealth  eind 
extensive  industries,  will  add  greatly  to  the  economic  strength 
of  France. 

REFERENCES 

The  historical  and  economic  significance  of  the  re-accession 
of  Alsace-Lorraine  to  France  is  well  illustrated  on  the  following 
maps  in  the  Harding  European  History  Series:  Map  H20  Mod- 
ern Germany,  Map  H23  Europe  in  1914,  Map  H24  Economic 
Europe,  Map  H26  Northern  France,  Belgium  and  the  Rhine 
1914-1919,   Map  H28  Central  Europe    1918-1921. 

Map  J2  Europe,  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  PoliticsJ 
Geography  Maps,  shows  the  new  France. 

Colonial  France  before  1914  is  shown  on  Map  H22  The 
World  1914  (Harding  European  History  Series).  ColonieJ 
France  with  its  new  accessions  of  former  German  colonies  ia 
shown  on  Map  J4  Africa  and  Map  J9  World,  in  the  Denoyer- 
Geppert  Series  of  Political  Geography  Maps. 

Luxemburg 

BY    the    Treaty    of   Versailles,    Germany   has   renounced    her 
various  treaties  with  Luxemburg,  which  also  ceases  to  be  a 
member    of    the    German    Customs    Union     (Zollverein). 
Ltixemburg  is  now  under  the  protection  of  Belgium. 

German  interests  in  Luxemburg,  before  1914,  were  domi- 
nant. She  absorbed  most  of  the  iron  ore  production  of  Luxem- 
burg which  amounted  to  7,300,000  tons  in  1913  and  also  con- 
trolled most  of  the  smelters. 

Belgium 

TERRITORIAL  ACQUISITIONS  1919 

Square  Miles 

IN  EUROPE Moresnet,  Eupen  and  Malmedy  384 

IN  AFRICA Additions  to  Belgian  Kongo  19,000 


Total      19,384 

GERMANY  ceded   to   Belgium,   by  the    Peace  Treaty,   three 
small  frontier  areas:  Moresnet,  Eupen,  and  Malmedy.    This 
area  has  no  great  significance,  although  the  rectification  of 
the  fTontier  makes  it  more  in  accord  with  the  natural  boundary 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  21 

between  Belgium  and  Germany.  The  cessions  were  made  chiefly 
on  historical  and  commercial  grounds.  Under  the  Treaty  of 
Versailles  the  special  neutral  status  of  Belgium  is  abrogated. 

REFERENCES 

The  new  territorial  additions  to  Belgium  are  shown  on  Map 
H26  Northern  France,  Belgium,  and  the  Rhine  1914-1919.  and 
on  Map  H28  Central  Europe  1918-1921,  in  the  Harding  Euro- 
pean History  Series. 


Territories  Under  the  League  of  Nations 

Two  territories:  the  Free  City  of  Danzig,  and  the  Saar  Basin, 
formerly  parts  of  Germany,  were  by  the  Treaty  of  Versailles 
put  under  the  protection  of  the  League  of  Nations. 

Free  City  of  Danzig.  Danzig  constituted  for  a  time  during 
the  peace  settlement  one  of  the  problem  areas  of  Europe.  For- 
merly a  German  city,  it  is  an  important  port,  with  a  large  trade 
in  grain,  sugar  and  lumber,  and  is  the  only  outlet  for  the  Vistula 
basin  and  surrounding  territory.  Poland  laid  claim  to  this  port 
as  essential  to  her  commercial  development.  The  population  of 
Danzig,  however,  is  97%  German  and  only  3%  Polish.  To  safe- 
guard the  rights  of  the  majority,  and  the  commerce  of  Poland, 
Danzig  was  made  a  Free  City  under  the  League  of  Nations  and 
included  in  the  Polish  Customs  Union.  Area,  729  square  miles, 
population  35  1,380.  Danzig  has  now  much  the  same  status  that 
it  had  for  more  than  three  hundred  years, — 1454  to  1  793,  when 
it  was  practically  a  free  republic. 

Saar  Basin.  Saar  Basin  lies  to  the  north  of  Lorraine  in  the 
valley  of  the  Saar,  a  tributary  of  the  Moselle.  Germany  ceded 
to  France  full  ownership  of  the  coal  mines  of  the  Saar  Basin,  as 
compensation  for  the  destruction  of  coal  mines  in  northern  France 
during  the  war.  The  territory  is  under  the  protection  of  the 
League  of  Nations,  but  after  1 5  years  from  the  signing  of  the 
treaty,  a  plebiscite  will  be  taken  to  determine  its  sovereignty. 

The  Saar  Basin  produced  17,000,000  tons  of  coal  in  1913 
and  was  the  second  most  important  coal  field  in  Germany,  hold- 
ing in  coal  reserves  almost  22%  of  the  reserves  of  the  Empire. 
The  coal  of  this  area  is  suitable  only  for  general  purposes  and 
not  for  smelting.  The  area  of  Saar  Basin  is  730  square  miles, 
with  a  population,  mainly  German,  of  640,000.  Saarbrucken  is 
the  chief  town. 


22 

Territory  Controlled  by  the  Principal 
Allied  and  Associated  Powers 

Memel  with  an  adjoining  area  north  of  the  Niemen  River, 
forming  the  extreme  tip  of  East  Prussia,  was  taken  from  Ger- 
many and  put  under  the  control  of  the  Allied  Powers,  who  will 
later  decide  as  to  its  disposal.  Memel  is  the  port  for  the  trade  of 
Lithuania,  and  eventually  may  be  included  in  Lithuania.  Area 
of  zone  910  square  miles;  population  145,000. 

REFERENCES 

The  history  of  Danzig  may  be  traced  on  Map  H 1  2  Europe 
1648.  Map  HI  3  Europe  1740,  Map  H20  German  Empire,  and 
Map  H28  Central  Europe   1918-1921. 

The  economic  importance  of  the  Saar  Basin  is  clearly  shown 
on  Map  H20  German  Empire,  Map  H24  Economic  Europe,  and 
Map  H26  Northern  France,  Belgium  and  the  Rhine. 

The  geographical  and  economic  significance  of  Memel  is 
shown  on  Map  H28  Central  Europe  1918-1921. 

All  these  maps  are  in  the  Harding  European  History 
Series. 

Poland 

POLAND'S  right  to  separate  existence  was  early  recognized  in 
the  World  War.  Under  the  stress  of  war,  Germany  and  Rus- 
sia both  offered  autonomy  to  the  Poles.  Poland's  problem  is 
rooted  in  its  geography.  Lying  in  the  basin  of  the  Vistula,  it 
has  no  natural  frontiers  except  on  the  south  where  the  Car- 
pathians separate  it  from  Czecho-Slovakia.  The  location  of 
Poland  on  the  North  European  plain  at  the  crossroads  of  great 
commercial  highways  running  east  and  west  from  Russia  to 
Germany,  and  from  the  Baltic  to  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Medi- 
terranean, has  made  it  an  important  distributing  center  and  a 
highway  for  transit  trade.  Its  lack  of  natural  frontiers;  its  loca- 
tion at  the  meeting  point  of  Scandinavian,  Germanic,  Slavic,  and 
for  a  period  the  Asiatic,  races,  has  made  its  history  very  check- 
ered, culminating  in  the  Partitions  of  1772,   1793,  and   1795. 

The  Poles  form  a  fairly  compact  mass  in  the  basin  of  the 
Vistula;  in  former  Russian  Poland  they  comprised  74%  of  the 
population.  Toward  the  fringes  of  this  mass  in  German  Poland 
the  Poles  formed  33%  of  the  population;  in  Austrian  Poland, 
41  %.  On  the  east  the  Poles  thinned  off  into  Ukraine,  Lithuania, 
and  White  Russia.      For  severed  hundred  years  Poland  was   a 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  23 

kingdom  in  central  Europe,  covering  before  its  partition  in  1  772 
an  area  of  274,000  square  miles.  The  state  was  absorbed  by 
Russia,  Prussia  and  Austria.  In  1914  the  area  generally  known 
as  Poland  was  divided  as  follows: 

Square  Miles  Population 

Russian  Poland 49,150  11,500,000 

German  Poland 22,500  4,000,000 

Austrian  Poland 1  1,000  5,000,000 

TTie  new  republic  of  Poland  covers  a  much  larger  area  than 
the  above  and  yet  is  only  slightly  over  one-half  the  size  of  the 
former  kingdom  before  1772.  The  area  of  Poland  (1921)  is 
1  49,000  square  miles,  with  a  population  estimated  at  24,272,000. 
Poland  is  equal  in  area  to  North  and  South  Dakota. 

The  reconstruction  of  Poland  offered  serious  racial,  eco- 
nomic, and  socisd  problems  to  the  Peace  Conference.  The  Peace 
Conference  determined  the  boundaries  of  new  Poland  on  the  west 
and  south,  but  owing  to  the  unsettled  and  difficult  racial  situa- 
tion on  the  east  a  decision  was  left  pending.  The  Poles  in  seek- 
ing an  enlarged  Poland  on  the  east,  in  justification  of  an  ethno- 
graphic frontier,  came  into  conflict  with  Soviet  Russia.  After 
months  of  war,  a  final  peace  was  ratified  in  March,  1921,  which 
fixed  the  boundary  betw^een  Poland  and  Russia. 

In  certain  areas  the  ethnic  and  economic  problems  were  so 
difficult  of  solution  that  in  order  to  arrive  at  a  decision  consistent 
with  the  wishes  and  economic  needs  of  the  population,  a  plebiscite 
was  decided  upon  by  the  Peace  Conference.  Part  of  East  Prus- 
sia was  constituted  a  plebiscite  area;  the  Germans  gained  a 
majority  and  the  new  boundary  has  been  laid  down  on  the 
results  of  the  vote.  Upper  Silesia,  where  the  boundaries  of  Ger- 
many, Poland,  and  Czecho-Slovakia  meet,  has  constituted  a 
problem  area  in  the  boundary  settlement.  Here  the  population 
is  hopelessly  mixed;  the  problem  is  rendered  complex  by  its  great 
deposits  of  iron  ore,  coal,  lead,  and  zinc,  which  would  be  of  great 
economic  value  to  the  nation  possessing  the  region.  The  vote 
was  taken  on  March,  1921,  resulting  in  a  German  majority  of  the 
total  votes,  but  a  Polish  majority  in  certain  communes.  The 
Supreme  Council  of  the  Allies  referred  the  boundary  settlement 
to  the  League  of  Nations.  By  the  decision  of  the  League  of 
Nations,  October,  1921,  Germany  retains  almost  three-fourths 
of  the  area,  while  Poland  receives  the  remaining  south-eastern 
section,  containing  the  major  part  of  the  coal  and  iron  resources 
of  Upper  Silesia.  In  1913  the  cosl  fields  of  Upper  Silesia  pro- 
duced 43,000,000  tons  of  coal,  more  than  one-fifth  of  the  total 
output  of  Germany. 


24  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

By  the  terms  of  the  Allied  promise  to  Poland  that  she  should 
be  granted  "a  free  and  secure  access  to  the  sea,"  and  also  on 
ethnic  grounds,  a  strip  of  German  territory,  acting  as  a  corridor 
to  the  Baltic,  was  given  to  Poland.  This  Polish  corridor  divides 
East  Prussia  from  Germany  proper.  There  is  no  natural  harbor, 
however,  on  the  strip  of  coast  now^  owned  by  Poland.  As  the 
Vistula  is  now  essentially  a  Polish  river,  and  as  Danzig  is  the 
port  for  the  Vistula  basin  and  a  large  part  of  the  interior,  Poland 
sought  to  acquire  Danzig,  but  the  Peace  Conference  made  Danzig 
a  Free  City.  Eastern  Galicia,  which  produces  5  %  of  the  oil  out- 
put of  the  world,  is  now  administered  by  Poland. 

Poland  is  essentially  an  agricultural  country,  producing  rye, 
wheat,  oats,  barley,  potatoes,  and  sugar  beets.  In  recent  years 
the  rich  iron  and  coal  regions  to  the  west  of  Krakow  and  border- 
ing on  Upper  Silesia,  where  a  plebiscite  was  taken  to  determine 
the  boundary  in  this  region,  have  undergone  great  development. 
Manufacturing  is  highly  developed  in  centers  formerly  in  Rus- 
sian Poland.  Lodz  (pop.  429,000)  is  the  textile  center;  Czen- 
tochowa  (pop.  101,000)  and  vicinity  is  the  chief  mining  and 
metallurgical  region;  while  Warsaw  (pop.  980,000),  the  capital, 
has  varied  manufactures.  Krakow  (pop.  176,000),  is  in  a  dis- 
trict rich  in  coal  and  zinc;  near  Krakow  are  the  salt  mines  of 
Wielicka,  among  the  most  famous  in  the  world.  Vilna  (pop. 
205,000),  an  important  city  on  the  Polish-Lithuanian  border,  is 
now  in  dispute  between  Poland  and  Lithuania.  The  dispute  is 
now  being  considered  by  the  League  of  Nations. 

REFERENCES 

The  history  of  Poland  as  a  separate  kingdom  is  shown  on 
Map  H4  Crusades,  Map  H7  Europe  1360,  Map  H9  Charles  V 
1519,  Map  HI  2  Europe  1648,  Map  HI  3  Europe  1740,  which 
shows  the  partition  of  Poland. 

The  economic  development  of  Poland  is  shown  on  Map 
H8  Medieval  Commerce,  Map  H20  German  Empire,  and  Map 
H24  Economic  Europe.  The  racial  distribution  of  the  Poles  is 
shown  on  Map  H25  Peoples  of  Europe;  the  distribution  of  the 
Poles  should  be  noted  on  this  map,  in  justification  of  the  Polish 
corridor  to   the   sea. 

The  new  Poland  as  defined  by  the  various  treaties  is  il- 
lustrated on  Map  H28  Central  Europe,  1918-1921.  All  these 
maps  are  in  the  Harding  European  History  Series.  Map  J2 
Europe  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Political  Geography 
Maps  shows  Poland  as  defined  by  the  most  recent  treaties. 


25 

The  Break-Up  of  Austria-Hungary 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY  in  1914  was  the  second  largest  state 
in  Europe,  with  an  area  of  261,000  square  miles  and  a  pop- 
ulation of  51,000,000.  Austria-Hungary  was  not  a  na- 
tional unit.  Its  main  feature  from  the  standpoint  ot  human 
geography  was  its  heterogeneous  population  of  Czechs,  Poles, 
Slavs,  Croats,  Slovenes,  Italians,  Rumanians,  ruled  by  the  two 
dominant  races,  Germans  and  Magyars.  Its  boundaries  were  not 
natural  but  political.  When  once  the  military  aristocracy  which 
bound  together  its  ill-assorted  political  elements  had  been 
shattered,  nothing  could  prevent  the  partition  into  units  that  were 
more  compatible  with  geography  and  race. 

As  a  result  of  the  World  War  this  polygot  monarchy  was 
dissolved  and  its  territories  divided  as  follows: 

Square  Miles  Population 

Austria    30,700  6, 1  39,000 

Hungary    35. 1 64  7,800,000 

Czecho-Slovakia    43,500  1 3,600,000 

The  remainder,  15  1,000  square  miles,  was  divided  between 
Poland,  Italy,  Jugo-Slavia,  Rumania,  and  Fiume. 

The  rich  coal  and  iron  deposits  in  Bohemia  and  Moravia 
have  gone  to  Czecho-Slovakia;  the  petroleum  wells  of  Galicia 
to  Poland;  the  Trentino  and  Trieste  to  Italy;  Rumania  acquires 
rich  agricultural  and  mineral  wealth  in  Transylvania;  and  Fiume 
becomes  independent.  Austria  has  been  reconstituted,  but  as  a 
mere  fragment  of  the  former  province,  and  deprived  of  most 
of  its  economic  wealth.  Hungary  also  suffered;  its  area  was 
reduced  to  almost  one-fourth  of  its  former  size  and  much  of  its 
economic  wealth  passed  to  neighboring  nations.  Both  are  now 
interior  countries,  w^ith  only  an  outlet  to  the  sea  by  the  Danube. 


Austria 

BEFORE  the  war  the  province  of  Austria  was  1  16,000  square 
miles,  almost  half  that  of  the  whole  Empire,  and  had  a 
population  of  28,500,000.  The  new  republic  of  Austria  is 
only  30,700  square  miles  in  area,  a  little  larger  than  South  Caro- 
lina, with  a  population  of  6,139,000.  The  new  state  is  limited 
to  the  western  part  of  the  old  province  and  is  largely  moun- 
tainous. Formerly  a  partner  in  one  of  the  Great  Pow^ers  of 
Europe,  Austria  is  now  reduced  to  less  than  a  fourth  rate  power. 


26  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

Economically,  Austria  has  suffered  severe  losses,  retaining 
but  a  mere  fragment  of  her  former  mineral  wealth.  For  some- 
time Austria  will  not  be  able  to  support  herself  economically, 
certain  essential  raw  materials  not  being  immediately  available 
in  her  territory.  Her  present  supplies  of  coal,  iron  and  salt  may, 
however,  prove  ample  under  organized  conditions.  She  retains 
large  forest  areas  and  great  water-power  resources.  Agriculture 
is  one  of  the  chief  occupations  in  the  new  state. 

Austria  is  now  shut  off  from  the  sea,  her  former  port  of 
Trieste  having  passed  to  Italy.  The  Treaty,  however,  guarantees 
her  access  by  rail  to  the  Adriatic.  The  Danube  has  been  inter- 
nationalized and  by  this  river  her  commerce  may  reach  the  outer 
world. 

Vienna  (pop.  1,842,000)  the  capital,  and  formerly  the 
capital  of  Austria-Hungary,  is  now  eccentrically  placed  on  the 
east  of  the  new  state.  Developed  as  a  capital  of  a  highly  central- 
ized state  which  no  longer  exists,  and  possessing  institutions  no 
longer  necessary  for  such  a  small  state,  Vienna  seems  doomed 
to  a  comparative  state  of  decay  unless  action  is  taken  to  safe- 
guard its  former  supremacy  in  culture  and  manufactures.  Almost 
one-third  of  the  population  of  the  new  state  is  located  in  Vienna. 
Graz  (pop.  15  7,000),  Linz  (pop.  93,000)  and  Innsbruck  (pop. 
55,000)  are  industrial  centers.  Unlike  the  former  polyglot 
nature  of  the  province,  the  population  of  the  new  state  is 
homogeneous,  being  almost  entirely  German. 

The  loss  of  much  of  her  richest  territory  has  produced  an 
economic  crisis  in  her  history.  To  tide  over  the  present  eco- 
nomic difficulties  the  League  of  Nations  has  practically  assumed 
control  of  the  government  of  Austria,  with  the  approval  of  the 
new  state.  Austria  has  desired  to  unite  with  Germany  but  the 
Peace  Treaty  bars  such  a  union. 


Hungary 


IN  the  old  Austria-Hungary,  the  province  of  Hungary  had  an 
area  of  125,000  square  miles  with  a  population  of  20,886,- 
000.  The  new  republic  of  Hungary  covers  35,164  square 
miles  with  a  population  of  8,481,000;  and  is  located  entirely 
within  the  area  of  old  Hungary,  the  new  boundaries  not  touch- 
ing the  old  at  any  point.  In  the  former  province,  as  was  typical 
of  all  the  Empire,  the  population  was  very  mixed,  consisting  of 
Magyars,  Germans,  Slovaks,  Rumanians,  Ruthenians,  Croats, 
and  Serbians.  Following  the  principle  of  nationality,  as  in  the 
case  of  Austria,  the  Peace  Conference  delimited  Hungary  so 
that  the  new  state  is  almost  entirely  Magyar  in  race. 


THE  WORLD   REM.APPED  27 

Formerly,  Hungary  in  its  geographical  aspect  had  lowland, 
upland  and  mountainous  areas.  Now  it  is  almost  entirely  con- 
fined to  the  lowlands  of  the  Danube,  Theiss  and  tributaries. 
Hungary  retains,  however,  large  areas  of  valuable  agricultural 
land,  producing  rye,  barley,  wheat  and  other  crops.  Stock  rais- 
ing is  also  important.  The  loss  of  Transylvania  has  reduced 
very  materially  the  mineral  wealth  of  Hungary:  the  rich  mines 
of  silver,  cobalt,  nickel,  zinc  and  lead  are  now  mainly  within 
territory  ceded  to  Rumania.  Hungary  has  also  lost  the  rich  iron 
ore  of  the  north,  now  in  Czecho-Slovakia,  though  some  iron  is 
mined  in  territory  still  retained.  Coal  is  mined  in  the  east  part 
of  Hungary  in  the  Danube  valley.  Vast  areas  of  forest  in  the 
Carpathian  region  were  lost  to  Rumania.  Hungary  retains  only 
1  7%  of  her  former  forest  wealth.  Hungary  has  lost  over  50% 
of  her  agricultural  production,  and  60%  of  her  industrial  capacity. 
Great  as  this  loss  is,  Hungary  has  suffered  less  by  the  Peace 
Settlement  than  her  former  partner,  Austria. 

Budapest  (pop.  1,184,000)  the  capital,  is  well  situated  in 
the  new  state.  Other  cities  of  importance  are  Szegedin  (pop. 
118,000)  and  Debreczen  (pop.  92,000).  Hungary  has  lost 
many  cities  of  great  industrial  importance. 

Hungary  is  now  an  interior  country,  having  lost  her  coast 
area  to  Jugo-Slavia;  the  port  of  Fiume  is  now  independent.  The 
Danube,  internationalized  by  the  Peace  Treaty,  is  now  the  chief 
outlet  for  her  foreign  commerce. 

REFERENCES 

TTie  development  of  Austria-Hungary  is  shown  on  Map 
HI  6  Europe  1815,  Map  H2 1  Balkan  States,  and  Map  H23 
Europe  1914.  The  break-up  of  Austria-Hungary  and  the  for- 
mation of  new  states  is  shown  on  Map  H27  Europe  1920,  and 
Map  H28  Central  Europe  1918-1921;  also  on  Map  J2  Europe 
(in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Political  Geography  Maps). 

The  economic  position  of  Austria  and  Hungary  before  the 
war  and  at  the  present  time  is  illustrated  on  Map  H24  Economic 
Europe. 

The  racial  complexities  of  the  old  Austria-Hungary  and 
the  relation  of  ethnic  groups  to  the  new  states  is  illustrated  on 
Map  H25  Peoples  of  Europe.  All  the  foregoing  maps,  except 
Map  J2,  are  in  the  Harding  European  History  Series. 


28 

Czecho-Slovakia 

THIS  new  nation  proclaimed  its  independence  from  Austria- 
Hungary  about  a  month  before  the  end  of  the  World  Weu*. 

The  name  of  the  new  nation  is  derived  from  the  fact  that 
seven  million  Czechs  and  three  million  Slovaks  make  up  this 
nation.  Both  are  branches  of  the  Slavic  race.  Czecho-Slovakia 
comprises  the  old  provinces  of  Bohemia,  Moravia,  Slovakia,  and 
Silesia  of  Austria-Hungary.  TTie  area  is  43,500  square  miles, 
population  13,600,000;  the  new  state  is  about  the  size  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Eastern  Ruthenia,  in  the  extreme  east,  is  an  autono- 
mious  state  under  Czecho-Slovakia. 

Czecho-Slovakia  received  the  richest,  most  densely  popu- 
lated and  chief  industrial  areas  of  the  former  province  of  Austria. 
It  contains  large  deposits  of  coal  and  iron  ore;  gold,  silver, 
graphite  and  high  grade  clays  are  also  found.  Bohemia  is  one 
of  the  great  industrial  regions  of  Europe,  manufacturing  steel, 
machinery,  textiles,  glass,  porcelain  and  beer.  Bohemia  and 
Moravia  are  very  fertile,  producing  sugarbeets,  wheat  and  other 
crops.  The  nation  is  highly  developed  educationally,  and  in- 
dustrial development  has  reached  a  high  point. 

The  possession  of  Teschen  w^as  an  important  question  to 
both  Czecho-Slovakia  and  Poland.  Situated  on  the  southern 
extension  of  the  Silesia  coal  field  it  was  the  only  source  of  supply 
of  coking  coal  for  both  of  these  states.  By  an  award  of  the 
Council  of  Ambassadors  the  principal  part  of  the  coal  mines  will 
go  to  Czecho-Slovakia.  Poland,  however,  is  guaranteed  a  certain 
pcirt  of  the  output. 

Prague  (pop.  616,000)  on  the  Moldau,  is  the  capital.  It 
is  a  center  of  trade  and  manufactures.  Brunn  (pop.  201,000) 
and  Pilsen    (pop.  81,000)    are  industrial  centers. 

In  determining  the  new  boundaries  of  Czecho-Slovakia  the 
Peace  Conference  attempted  to  follow  as  far  as  compatible  with 
economic  and  physiographic  factors,  the  accepted  principle  of 
nationality.  In  the  new  state  there  is,  however,  a  considerable 
German  and  Magyar  element,  which  before  the  war  was  esti- 
mated to  be  35%  of  the  total  population. 

Czecho-Slovakia  is  an  interior  country  and  lies  in  the  basins 
of  the  Elbe,  Oder  and  Danube.  These  three  rivers  are  now  in- 
ternationalized and  by  means  of  these  the  commerce  of  Czecho- 
slovakia reaches  the  Baltic  and  Black  Sea.  Port  privileges  are 
guaranteed  Czecho-Slovakia  at  Hamburg  and  Stettin.  Press- 
burg,  formerly  in  Hungary,  is  the  port  of  Czecho-Slovakia  on 
the  Danube. 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  29 

REFERENCES 

Map  H28  Central  Europe  1918-1921,  shows  the  formation 
of  Czecho-Slovakia  out  of  Mid-European  states. 

TTie  economic  and  industrial  development  of  Czecho- 
slovakia is  shown  on  Map  H20  Modern  Germany,  and  Map 
H24  Economic  Europe. 

The  ethnic  composition  of  the  new  state  is  illustrated  on 
Map  H25  Peoples  of  Europe.  All  these  maps  are  in  the  Hard- 
ing European  History  Series.  Map  J2  Europe  (1921)  in  the 
Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Political  Geography  Maps  shows 
Czecho-Slovakia  in  relation  to  the  new  states  of  Europe. 


Italy 

TERRITORIAL  ACQUISITIONS  1919 

Square 
Miles 

CEDED  BY  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY  {;^f::;^^nnAti:tic   7.350 

ADDITIONS  TO  COLONIES 

Ceded  by  Great  Britain  in  Africa 92,100 

Ceded  by  France   in  Africa 65,000 

Rhodes    (occupied  by  Italy) 550 

Total       165.000 

BEYOND  Italy's  northeastern  frontier,  in  Austrian  territory, 
were  areas  of  Italian  speaking  population,  principally 
located  in  the  Trentino  in  the  Alps,  and  around  Trieste 
at  the  head  of  the  Adriatic.  This  region  was  the  "Italia  Irre- 
denta" of  the  Italians.  To  regain  this  area  was  one  of  the 
aims  of  Italy  in  the  World  War,  which  was  successfully  realized. 
Apart  from  racial  ties  the  possession  of  the  Trentino  by  Italy 
has  made  her  northern  frontier  more  easily  protected.  The 
present  reduced  condition  of  Austria,  however,  has  reduced 
the  strategic  value  of  this  new  boundary,  it  having  been  drawn 
north  of  the  Italian  area,  thus  including  about  250,000  Ger- 
mans in  Italy. 

In  gaining  the  former  Austrian  port  of  Trieste  (pop.  246,- 
000,  75%  being  Italian  speaking)  Italy  has  gained  a  port  of 
great   economic  significance.      Trieste   is  the   outlet   for   a   large 


30  DENOYER-GEPPERT  COMPANY 

part  of  Central  Europe.  By  the  Treaty  of  London,  the  price 
the  Allies  paid  for  Italy's  accession  to  their  cause,  Italy  weis 
promised  a  large  territorial  addition  along  the  Adriatic,  prac- 
tically making  the  Adriatic  an  Italian  sea.  The  eurangements 
of  this  treaty  were  not  approved  by  the  Peace  Conference. 
After  a  long  and  acrimonious  discussion  between  Italy  and  the 
new  State  of  Jugo-Slavia^  a  compromise  was  finally  reached 
in  the  Treaty  of  Rapallo  (November,  1920).  By  this  treaty, 
Fiume  was  made  an  independent  state  with  territorial  contiguity 
to  Italy,  Jugo-Slavia  receiving  port  privileges  at  Fiume,  Italy 
did  not  receive  cJl  of  the  Dalmatian  lands  promised  her  by  the 
Treaty  of  London,  but  the  new  treaty  gave  her  the  port  of  Zara 
juid  certain  islands.  By  the  Jugo-Slav  concessions  under  the 
treaty,  IteJy  acquired  the  town  of  Idria  northeast  of  Trieste.  The 
quicksilver  mines  of  Idria  produce  130,000  tons  of  ore  annually. 
The  settlement  of  this  Adriatic  problena  has  removed  a  great 
source  of  danger  to  European  peace. 

REFERENCES 

The  claims  of  Italy  in  "Italia  Irredenta"  are  shown  on  Map 
HI 9  Modern  Italy.  Map  H25  Peoples  of  Europe,  shows  the 
ethnic  basis  of  such  claims.  The  enlarged  Italy  is  shown  on 
Map  H28  Central  Europe  1918-1921,  and  the  economic  im- 
portance of  the  accessions  are  illustrated  on  Map  H24  Economic 
Europe.  All  these  maps  appear  in  the  Harding  European  His- 
tory Series.  Map  J2  Europe  (1921)  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert 
Series  of  Political  Geography  Maps,  shows  the  enlcirged  Italy. 

State  of  Fiume 

BY  the  Treaty  of  Rapallo  signed  November  12,  1920,  Italy 
and  Jugo-Slavia  settled  the  Adriatic  problem  which  at  one 
time  threatened  the  peace  of  Europe.  D'Annunzio,  the 
famed  Italian  poet,  fired  with  patriotic  zeal,  seized  the  city  of 
Fiume  in  September,  1919  and  declared  that  "Fiume  shall  be 
Italian,"  in  spite  of  all  agreements.  D'Annunzio  resisted  all 
pleas  to  modify  his  uncompromising  attitude  and  after  the  con- 
clusion of  the  Treaty  of  Rapallo,  armed  forces  were  necessary 
to  evict  him  from  the  city. 

Fiume  has  a  population  of  49,000,  about  half  of  which  is 
Italian  speaking.  Fiume  is  a  port  of  great  importance  and  is 
practically  the  only  port  available  for  Jugo-Slavia.  The  rights 
of  this  state  are,  however,  protected  by  treaty.  By  the  Treaty 
of  Rapeillo,  the  State  of  Fiume  has  territorieJ  contiguity  with 
Italy.      Its  ultimate   incorporation  with   Italy   may  be   expected. 


THE  WORLD   REMAPPED  31 

The  area  of  the  state  is  only  8  square  miles  and  is  practically 
confined  to  the  city  of  Fiume. 

REFERENCE 
The  results  of  the  Treaty  of  Rapallo  and  the  new  state  of 
Fiume  are  shown  on  Map  H28  Central  Europe,   1918-1921. 

The  Balkans 

THE  Balkan   Peninsula  has  been  rightly  called   the   "storm 
center"    of    Europe.       Its    geographic    position,    forming    a 

bridge  between  Europe  and  Asia,  has  made  it,  since  history 
began,  a  highway  for  all  peoples  and  races.  The  linguistic  map 
of  the  Balkans  today  thus  shows  a  bewildering  mosaic  of  Greek 
and  Turk,  Slav  and  Teuton,  Bulgar  and  Serb. 

The  struggle  for  control  of  the  highways  across  the  penin- 
sula, in  recent  years,  was  shown  in  Austria's  attempt  to  reach 
am  outlet  down  the  Morava  to  Saloniki  on  the  Aegean  at  the 
expense  of  Serbia,  and  in  turn  Greece  sought  to  deny  the  claims 
of  Bulgaria  by  claiming  the  whole  Aegean  Sea  littoral.  Each 
nation  recognized  the  strategic  and  commercial  value  of  the 
Balkan  highways  between  Europe  and  Asia. 

The  clashing  nationalist,  racial,  and  economic  claims  and 
especially  the  "Mittel  Europa"  scheme  of  Germany,  with  its  plan 
of  an  economic  alliance  of  nations  from  the  Baltic  to  the  Aegean 
and  on  to  the  Persian  Gulf,  was  the  outstanding  political  de- 
velopment before  the  war.  In  active  support  of  this  scheme 
Germany  had  obtained  a  foothold  in  Turkey  with  her  plans  of 
railroad  building  and  economic  development.  To  Austria-Hun- 
gary fell  the  duty  of  extending  this  influence  to  the  southward. 
In  the  inevitable  clash  of  Teuton  and  Slav,  Austria-Hungary  in 
conjunction  with  Germany  forced  the  issue.  For  a  time  during 
the  war  the  Central  Powers  realized  their  "Mittel  Europa"  scheme 
and  the  Berlin-to-Bagdad  plan  was  actually  a  reality.  The  final 
defeat  of  the  Central  Powers  killed  this  grandiose  scheme  and 
Austria-Hungary  ceased  to  be  a  Balkan  power. 

The  peace  settlement,  while  eliminating,  for  the  time,  the 
Teutonic  element  in  the  Balkans  and  uniting  in  part  the  Slav 
element  into  a  United  nation, — Jugo-Slavia, — still  leaves  un- 
solved many  of  the  difficult  racial,  nationalist  and  economic  am- 
bitions of  the  races  in  the  Balkans. 

Rumania,  Jugo-Slavia,  Albania,  Bulgaria,  Greece,  and 
Turkey  now  form  the  separate  countries  of  the  Balkans. 

It  is  convenient  to  include  Rumania  as  a  part  of  the  Balkan 
area,  although  most  of  its  territory  lies  north  of  the  Danube. 


32  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

REFERENCES 

Balkan  history  is  treated  very  fully  throughout  the  Harding 
European  History  Series.  Recent  Balkan  history  is  illustrated 
on  Map  H21  Balkan  States.  Map  H27  Europe  1920,  and  Map 
H28  Central  Europe,  1918-1921.  The  strategic  position  of  the 
Balkans  is  shown  on  Map  B16  Roman  Empire  (Breasted  Ancient 
History  Series),  Map  H8  Medieval  Commerce,  and  Map  H23 
Europe  in  1914.  The  racial  complexities  of  the  region  are  shown 
on  Map  H25  Peoples  of  Europe.  The  economic  resources  are 
illustrated  on  Map  H24  Economic  Europe.  All  these  maps  are 
in  the  Harding  European  History  Series. 

Present  political  conditions  are  show^n  on  Map  J2  Europe, 
in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Political  Geography  Maps. 


A 


Rumania 

S  a  result  of  the  war,  Rumania  increased  its  area  in  a 
greater  proportion  than  any  other  nation.  Rumania  is 
now  the  largest  Balkan  nation. 


Square  Miles  Population 

Area  in  1914 53,489  7.500,000 

Area  in  1919 122,282  17,393,000 

TERRITORIAL  ACQUISITIONS  1919 

Square  Miles 

Ceded  by  Austria-Hungary 5  1 ,650 

Bessarabia   (from  Russia) 1  7, 1  43 

Greater  Rumania  now  includes  the  old  kingdom  of  Rumania, 
Transylvania,  Bukovina,  Bessarabia  and  part  of  the  Banat.  The 
Bessarabian  cession  was  made  by  special  treaty  in  1920  with 
the  Allies  and  protested  by  Russia,  to  w^hom  it  originally  be- 
longed.    Rumania  is  now  about  the  size  of  New  Mexico. 

Before  1914,  Rumania  presented  to  its  possible  enemies  a 
peculiarly  vulnerable  frontier.  On  the  west,  the  Carpathians 
offered  in  part  a  line  of  defense,  but  the  many  passes  offered 
possibilities  of  attack.  Such  an  attack  later  actually  happened 
when  Austria-Hungary  poured  her  armies  through  these  gaps 
and  overran  Rumania.  The  Pruth  and  Danube  frontiers  seemed 
even  less  secure  to  Rumania.  The  claims  of  Rumania  for  a 
greater  and  more  secure  state  were  presented  to  the  Peace  Con- 
ference. Bessarabia,  a  part  of  Russia  w^ith  a  population  35% 
Rumanian;  Transylvania,  the  original  home  of  the  Rumanians 
and    formerly    part    of    Hungary    with    a    population    47%    Ru- 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  33 

manian;  and  Bukovina,  also  a  part  of  Hungary  with  a  population 
35/0  Rumanian,  were  added  to  the  old  kingdom  of  Rumania 
on  the  principle  of  nationality  and  other  considerations.  The 
annexed  territory  contains  racial  minorities  of  Germans,  Magyars. 
Russians,  etc.,  but  the  new  state  corresponds  approximately  with 
the  limits  of  Rumanian  settlement.  In  Greater  Rumania,  the 
population  of  which  is  approximately  17.000,000,  14.000,000 
are  Rumanians.  Greater  Rumania  now  presents  a  well  rounded 
out  political  state,  and  free  from  some  of  the  w^eaknesses  of  tht 
former  kingdom. 

Rumania  before  the  war  was  one  of  the  chief  granaries  of 
Europe,  wheat  and  corn  being  extensively  grow^n.  In  old  Ru- 
mania along  the  southern  flanks  of  the  Carpathians,  is  an  immense 
oil  field.  In  1914  it  produced  12,700,000  barrels  of  oil,  mak- 
ing Rumania  one  of  the  chief  oil  producing  countries  of  the  world. 
When  the  Central  Powers  overran  Rumania  in  1917,  they  found 
these  oil  supplies  of  great  value  in  replenishing  their  rapidly 
diminishing  supply  of  petroleum.  Other  minerals  as  coal,  iron, 
etc.,  occur  but  are  not  extensively  w^orked. 

By  the  addition  of  Transylvania,  Rumania  acquires  a 
wonderfully  rich  area  with  great  mineral  wealth.  Its  gold  mines 
are  the  richest  in  Europe.  It  also  has  large  industrial  centers 
which  will  help  balance  the  former  predominantly  agricultural 
state  of  Rumania.  Bessarabia  and  Bukovina  are  predominantly 
agricultural  in  character,  producing  large  crops  of  cereals.  Kishi- 
nef  in  Bessarabia  (pop.  128,000),  Klausenburg  (pop.  60,000), 
Arad  (pop.  63,000),  Temesvar  (pop.  72,000),  Grosswardein 
(pop.  64,000),  all  in  Transylvania  are  important  cities  in  the 
new  territory. 

The  Dobrudja,  the  area  between  the  Black  Sea  and  the 
Danube,  has  long  been  a  bone  of  contention  between  Rumania 
and  Bulgaria.  Bulgaria  has  never  quite  forgotten  the  loss  of 
southern  Dobrudja  to  Rumania  in  1913.  Bulgaria  strongly  ob- 
jects to  the  proximity  of  the  Rumanian  boundary  to  Varna,  the 
chief  port  of  Bulgaria  and,  since  the  peace  settlement,  practically 
her  only  outlet.  The  Peace  Conference  did  not  recognize  Bul- 
garia's claim  for  a  changed  frontier  in  this  region. 

REFERENCES 
See  under  "The  Balkans." 


34 

Jugo-SIavia 

(Yugo-Slavia) 
(KINGDOM  OF  THE  SERBS.  CROATS,  AND  SLOVENES) 

AFTER  the  revolution  in  Austria-Hungary,  the  provinces  of 
Slavonia,  Croatia,  Dalmatia  and  Bosnia,  declared  their 
independence  and  a  movement  was  begun  for  the  forma- 
tion of  a  Jugo-Slav  state  by  union  of  these  parts  with  Serbia. 
Montenegro  was  included  in  this  united  state,  very  much  against 
her  will.  Jugo-Slavia  (meaning  the  home  of  the  southern  Slavs), 
is  the  popular  name  for  this  united  state;  the  official  name  is  the 
Kingdom  of  the  Serbs,  Croats  and  Slovenes. 

Square 
Mile. 

Former  Kingdom  of  Serbia 42,098 

Former  Kingdom  of  Montenegro 3,536 

Former  provinces  of  Austria-Hungary 49,033 

Ceded  by  Bulgaria 961 

Total     95,628 

The  minor  boundary  changes  along  the  Bulgarian  frontier 
are  mainly  of  a  strategic  nature.  Jugo-Slavia  is  about  the  size  of 
the  combined  areas  of  New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 

The  three  peoples,  Serbs,  Croats,  and  Slovenes,  are  of  the 
Slavic  race  and  speak  similar  languages.  The  Serbs  are  mainly 
of  the  Orthodox  Greek  faith,  while  the  Croats  and  Slovenes  are 
Roman  Catholic.  The  total  population  is  about  1  1,000,000. 
The  country  is  mainly  rough  and  mountainous.  In  the  valleys 
and  along  the  lower  lands  bordering  the  Danube,  Drave,  Theiss, 
Morava  and  Save,  there  are  lands  suitable  for  agriculture,  pro- 
ducing mainly  wheat,  barley  and  oats;  fruits  are  also  grown. 
About  half  of  Jugo-Slavia  is  covered  with  forest.  Jugo-Slavia 
has  considerable  mineral  resources  including  coal,  manganese, 
iron,  copper  and  gold,  but  they  are  largely  undeveloped. 

Manufactures  are  not  highly  developed.  Although  Jugo- 
Slavia  has  a  very  extensive  coastline  on  the  Adriatic,  there  are 
very  few  suitable  harbors,  owing  to  the  high  mountain  ranges 
near  the  coast.  Trieste  in  Italy,  and  Fiume,  now  an  independent 
state,  are  the  principal  outlets  for  the  trade  of  Jugo-Slavia.  Spa- 
lato,  Ragusa  and  Cattaro  are  small  ports  on  the  Adriatic  in 
Jugo-Slavic  territory.  Belgrade  (pop.  120,000)  the  old  capital 
of  Serbia,  is  now  the  capital  of  Jugo-Slavia.     Serajevo,  located 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  35 

in  Bosnia,  now  included  in  Jugo-Slavia,  is  where  the  World  War 
was  fanned  into  flame  by  the  murder  of  the  Archduke  Ferdinand 
and  his  wife,  on  June  28,    1914. 

REFERENCES 
See  under  "TTie  Balkans." 


Albania 

ALBANIA  was  made  an  independent  state  after  the  Balkan 
Wcirs  of  1912-13.  The  state,  however,  never  attained 
political  stability.  Italy  occupied  Albania  in  1915  and 
in  1917  proclaimed  a  protectorate  over  it,  in  an  effort  to  estab- 
lish Italian  influence  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula.  After  the  con- 
clusion of  the  World  War,  Italy,  Greece  and  Jugo-Slavia  pre- 
sented claims  for  parts  of  Albanian  territory.  The  Albanians 
resisted  such  efforts  and  recently  Italy  concluded  an  agreement 
with  Albemia  and  withdrew  from  the  country,  retaining  only  the 
island  of  Saseno  commanding  Avlona.  The  protracted  dispute 
on  the  status  of  Albania  and  its  boundaries  was  definitely  settled 
on  November  5,  1921,  when  the  Great  Powers  recognized  the 
Albanian  government  with  its  capital  at  Tirana;  minor  changes 
in  the  boundary  of  1913  were  made  in  favor  of  Jugo-Slavia. 

REFERENCES 

See  under  "The  Beilkans." 


Bulgaria 


A 


S  one  of  the  defeated  nations  in  the  World  War,  Bulgaria 
suffered  less  territorial  losses  than  her  former  allies. 


Square  Milea  Population 

Area  1914 47,750                        4,800,000 

Lost  to  Jugo-Slavia 961 

Lost  to  Greece 6,059 

Area  1921 40,730                      4,300,000 

The  most  important  loss  is  in  western  TTirace  which  Bul- 
garia gained  from  Turkey  in  the  Balkan  Wars  of  1912-13.  The 
loss  of  this  territory  takes  from  Bulgaria  her  Aegean  Sea  littoral 
and  the  port  of  Dedeagatch,  thus  dealing  a  blow  to  Bulgaria's 
ambitions  to  reach  out  to  the  four  seas  of  the  Aegean,   Black, 


36 


DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 


Marmora,  and  Adriatic.  The  Treaty,  however,  assures  her 
transportation  privileges  through  her  former  territory  to  the 
Aegean.  Bulgaria  lost  small  areas  on  her  western  boundary  to 
Jugo-Slavia,  which  were  of  strategic  value  to  the  latter  state. 
The  frontier  with  Rumania  remeiins  unchanged. 

In  1914  Bulgaria  gained  from  Turkey,  as  the  price  of  her 
entry  into  the  war  on  the  side  of  the  Central  Powers,  an  area 
northwest  of  Adrianople,  Most  of  this  territory  has  been  lost  to 
Greece,  but  a  small  area  has  been  retained  by  Bulgaria  to  the 
northwest  of  Adrianople.  Bulgaria,  shorn  of  her  gains  of  recent 
Balkan  wars,  thus  returns  to  practically  the  area  held  by  hej 
thirty  years  ago. 

REFERENCES 

See  under  "The  Balkans.** 


Greece 

BY  the  Treaty  of  Neuilly,  limiting  Bulgaria,  and  the  Treaty 
of  Sevres,  practically  excluding  Turkey  from  Europe,  the 
Aegean  becomes  a  Greek  sea.  The  cession  of  Thrace  almost 
to  the  gates  of  Constantinople,  Turkish  islands  in  the  Aegean 
Sea,  and  the  Smyrna  area  in  Asia  Minor,  have  made  Greece 
greater  in  area  than  she  has  been  for  centuries.  The  enlarged 
Greece  is  about  the  size  of  the  state  of  Washington. 


TERRITORIAL  ACQUISITIONS  1920 

Square  Miles  Population 

Thrace  (ceded  by  Bulgaria)..  .  .  6,059 

TTirace  (ceded  by  Turkey) 9,000 

Smyrna   area         )           ..  a  ran 

Aegean   Islands    S  °'^"" 

Area  in  1 9 1 4 41,931                         4,821.000 

Area  in  1921 65,490             (est.)  7,000,000 

The  acquisition  of  Thrace  by  Greece  gives  her  control  of 
an  important  stretch  of  coast  reaching  to  the  Marmora  and  within 
sight  of  Constantinople,  thus  stopping  short  of  the  great  imperial 
idea  of  modern  Greece.  Greece  through  her  ports  of  Saloniki, 
Kavalla  and  Dedeagatch  will  now  control  the  commerce  of  the 
lower  Balkan  areas.  TTie  new  frontiers  of  Greece  correspond 
largely  to  Greek  settlement.  The  new  territories  stretch  along 
an  inner  coastline  with  a  hinterland  overspread  by  aggressive 
neighbors,   making  defense  not  an  easy  matter. 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  37 

By  the  control  of  Smyrna,  Greece  again  becomes  an  Asiatic 
power  after  the  lapse  of  centuries.  Smyrna  (pop.  375,000), 
the  most  important  city  in  Asia  Minor,  was  given  to  Greece,  not 
only  because  of  the  large  Greek  population  there,  but  also  be- 
cause of  the  predominant  economic  interests  of  Greece  in  the 
Aegean  area.  The  Smyrna  area  is  under  Greek  administration 
until  1925,  after  which  date  a  plebiscite  will  be  taken  to  de- 
termine whether  it  will  amalgamate  with  Greece  or  again  become 
a  part  of  Turkey.  The  Sporades  (Dodecanese),  a  group  of 
islands  off  Asia  Minor,  occupied  by  Italy  during  the  war,  were 
transferred  to  Greece  by  Italy  in   1920. 

REFERENCES 
TTie  history  of  Ancient  Greece  is  shown  on  many  maps  in 
the  Breasted  Ancient  History  Series  (Denoyer-Geppert  Com- 
pany), especially  Map  B5  Ancient  Greece,  Map  86  Greek  and 
Phoenician  Colonization,  and  B9  Sequence  Map  of  Greece. 
Recent  Greek  history  is  covered  by  the  references  under  "The 
Balkans." 

Turkey 

THE  problem  of  Turkey  proved  one  of  the  most  difficult 
questions  of  the  Peace  Conference.  By  the  Treaty  of 
Sevres,  Turkey  is  almost  entirely  excluded  from  Europe, 
retaining  only  Constantinople  and  a  small  surrounding  area.  In 
Asia,  Turkey  is  compelled  to  recognize  the  independence  of 
Arabia,  Hejaz,  Palestine,  Syria,  Irak  (Mesopotamia),  and  Ar- 
menia, and  the  autonomy  of  Kurdistan.  Turkey  also  renounces 
all  rights  over  Egypt  and  Cyprus. 

Square   Miles 
1914  1921 

Turkey  in  Europe 10,882  1,275 

Turkey  in  Asia 602.842  1  73.625 

TERRITORIAL  LOSSES  1920 

Square  Miles 

\  Thrace 9.000 

TO  GREECEj  Smyma  and  Aegean  Islands 8.500 

Armenia    60,000 

Kurdistan    30,000 

Syria    120.000 

Palestine    16.000 

Irak  (Mesopotamia)    143.000 

Hejaz 100.000 

Asir 35.000 

Yemen 75.000 


36  DENOYER-GEPPERT  COMPANY 

Square  Miles 

Turkish  Empire  in  1914 613.724 

Turkish  Empire  in  1 92 1 1  74.900 

Peu-ts  of  Armenia  and  Syria  were  not  included  in  the  old 
Turkish  Empire. 

The  above  table  is  based  on  the  Treaty  of  Sevres,  which 
has  not  been  ratified.  Since  that  time  France  has  negotiated  a 
treaty  with  the  Turkish  Nationalist  Government  of  Angora 
which  reduces  the  area  of  Syria,  and  Turkey  has  signed  a  treaty 
with  Soviet  Russia  which  limits  Armenia  to  Russian  territory. 

WORLD  sentiment  during  the  war  was  that  the  Turk  should 
be  banished  from  Europe.  The  disposal  of  Constanti- 
nople, one  of  the  world's  most  important  cities  and  one 
of  its  greatest  ports,  was  one  of  the  great  problems  of  the  Peace 
Conference.  Located  at  the  crossroads  of  two  great  highways 
of  commerce  it  possesses  great  strategic  value.  A  center  of 
Mohammedanism,  Constantinople  has  always  played  a  large  part 
in  the  politics  of  the  Near  East. 

Greece  openly  aspired  to  possession  of  Constantinople. 
Russia  during  the  war  was  promised  Constantinople,  but  as  she 
was  not  a  party  to  the  Treaty  of  Sevres  her  rights  lapsed.  In- 
ternational interests  center  so  largely  in  Constantinople  that  its 
possession  by  any  one  power  was  later  considered  inexpedient. 
The  Treaty,  therefore,  allowed  Turkey  to  retain  Constantinople, 
but  the  actual  control  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Allied 
Powers. 

To  safeguard  the  commerce  and  international  interests  of 
this  important  region,  the  Peace  Conference  provided  for  an  area, 
called  the  Zone  of  the  Straits,  to  include  Constantinople,  Bos- 
porus, Sea  of  Marmora,  Dardanelles,  Lemnos,  Mitylene,  and 
other  islands,  besides  an  area  on  both  sides  of  the  Straits,  under 
the  control  of  an  Inter-Allied  Commission.  The  Bosporus,  Sea 
of  Marmora,  and  Dardanelles  are  declared  open  and  free  to 
the  shipping  of  the  world. 

The  dismemberment  of  Turkey  excited  the  interest  of  all 
the  European  powers;  the  control  of  the  lands  themselves  and 
their  geographical  location  have  made  these  lands  in  the  past 
an  international  question.  The  economic  and  national  interests 
of  Greece  were  recognized  in  the  cession  of  TTirace  and  control 
of  Smyrna.  Italy's  ambitions  in  Asia  Minor  were  recognized 
by  her  occupying  Rhodes  and  Castelorizo  and  securing  economic 
concessions.  France  claimed  Syria  on  cultural  and  economic 
grounds,  while  Britain,  holding  the  key  positions  of  Egypt,  Suez„ 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  39 

and  Aden  on  the  route  to  India,  desired  to  safeguard  the  sea 
route  by  controlling  Palestine. 

With  her  defeat,  Germany  ceased  to  be  a  factor  in  the 
Turkish  situation.  Russia,  likewise,  in  her  present  disturbed  state, 
Weia  not  capable  of  pressing  her  claims  for  an  outlet  to  the 
WEU-mer  seas,  but  her  movement  toward  the  Persian  Gulf  through 
Caucasia  is  still  evident.  All  of  Arabia  was  lost  to  Turkey,  and 
Arab  ambitions  of  a  reborn  Arabic  kingdom  have  already  taken 
shape.  On  the  eastern  fringe  Armenia  has  been  recognized  as 
a  nation  while  Kurdistan  has  been  promised  autonomy.  Since 
the  dawn  of  history  the  countries  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  have 
played  an  important  part  in  world  movements;  in  the  hands  of 
more  virile  nations,  these  lands  will  in  the  future  play  a  larger 
part  than  ever  before. 

Turkey  in  Asia.  All  that  remains  of  the  former  Turkish  Empire 
in  Asia  is  that  part  of  Asia  Minor  west  of  the  Euphrates  and  north 
of  30  degrees  latitude. 

Although  Asia  Minor  was  the  home  of  ancient  civilizations, 
it  presents  the  anomaly  of  being  one  of  the  world's  least  de- 
veloped regions.  Chief  among  the  natural  riches  of  Asia  Minor 
are  the  extensive  forests  which  cover  the  interior  ranges  of  the 
country.  Its  valleys  are  fertile  and  much  of  the  interior  plateau 
needs  only  irrigation  to  make  the  country  a  vast  granary.  The 
coal  fields  of  Heraclea,  on  the  Black  Sea,  before  the  war  pro- 
duced over  600,000  tons  a  year  and  if  developed  would  be  of 
great  value  to  Turkey. 

Oil,  silver,  zinc,  manganese,  iron,  copper,  are  some  of  the 
minerals  which  make  Asia  Minor  attractive  as  a  field  of  enter- 
prise to  the  nations  of  Europe. 

Reduced  in  area  as  Turkey  now  is,  her  retention  of  Asia 
Minor  assures  her  an  important  place  in  the  council  of  nations. 
Asia  Minor,  because  of  its  geographical  location,  is  an  important 
link  betw^een  Europe  and  Asia,  and  along  the  peninsula  runs  one 
of  the  world's  most  important  land  routes.  The  Turk  is  in- 
capable of  developing  the  resources  of  his  country.  The  eco- 
nomic importance  of  Asia  Minor  has  always  been  recognized 
and  in  the  recent  treaties  between  the  powers,  economic  spheres 
of  influence  have  been  assigned  to  interested  powers. 

Constantinople  (pop.  1,000,000),  Brusa  (pop.  110,000), 
Kaisarieh  (pop.  54,000),  Konia  (pop.  45,000),  Sivas  (pop. 
65,000),  Angora  (pop.  50,000),  are  the  largest  cities  now  re- 
maining in  the  hands  of  the  Turks.  The  world  famous  cities  of 
Mecca,  Bagdad,  Jerusalem,  Smyrna,  Damascus,  and  Adrianople 
are  now  in  the  possession  of  other  nations. 


40  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

REFERENCES 

The  importance  of  the  geographical  position  of  Turkey  in 
Europe  is  referred  to  in  the  references  under  "The  Balkans." 

The  early  historical  and  economic  significance  of  Turkey  in 
Asia  (Asia  Minor)  is  shown  on  Map  Bl  Ancient  World,  Map  B2 
Ancient  Orient,  Map  B3  Oriental  Empires,  Map  B4  Eastern 
Mediterranean,  Map  B6  Greek  and  Phoenician  Colonization  and 
Map  BIO  Alexander's  Empire.  These  maps  are  in  the  Breasted 
Ancient  History  Series. 

Recent  political  changes  in  Asia  Minor  and  the  former 
Turkish  Empire  since  the  war  are  clearly  shown  on  Map  J 2 
Europe  (1921),  and  Map  J3  Asia  (1921),  in  the  Denoyer- 
Geppert  Series  of  Political  Geography  Maps. 


Russia 

THE  break-up  of  Russia  was  one  of  the  greatest  events  of 
the  World  War.  Long  before  1914  spasmodic  revolutions 
had  taken  place,  but  the  war,  with  its  failure  of  the  autocracy 
to  respond  to  the  democratic  wishes  of  the  Russian  people, 
brought  about  the  downfall  of  the  regime  of  the  Czar.  The  new 
republic  of  Russia  dates  from  March  1  5th,  1917.  After  a  period 
of  transitional  governments,  Russia  passed  into  the  control  of 
the  "Bolsheviki"  (a  Russian  word  meaning  "belonging  to  the 
majority").  After  the  revolution,  disintegration  soon  appeared 
thruout  the  former  empire  and  numerous  independent  states  ap- 
peared within  her  borders.  In  the  expansion  of  the  former  Rus- 
sian Empire  many  peoples  of  non-Slavic  blood  were  incorporated. 
Political  and  linguistic  differences  did  not  promote  unity  and 
when  the  political  crisis  struck  the  empire,  these  parts,  situated 
on  the  extreme  borders  of  the  Empire,  declared  their  inde- 
pendence. 

The  border  states  of  Finland,  Esthonia,  Latvia,  Lithuania, 
and  Poland  have  maintained  their  independence  and  have  been 
recognized  by  Russia.  Ukraine,  Georgia,  Azerbaijan,  and  Ar- 
menia, while  formerly  independent,  are  now  more  or  less  allied 
to  Russia.  In  Siberia,  Soviet  Russia  controls  all  of  Siberia  west 
of  Lake  Baikal.  The  territory  from  Lake  Baikal  to  Vladivostok 
has  been  constituted  as  the  Far  Eastern  Republic. 

Square  Milea 

Area  of  European  Russia  in  1914 1,867,700 

Area  of  European  Russia  in  1921 1,301.400 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  41 

Areas  of  countries  formerly  part  of  Russia: 

Square  Mile* 

Finland 133.000 

Esthonia 23,160 

Latvia 24.400 

Lithuania 36.500 

Poland   (oart  formerly  Russian) 49.150 

Ukraine  .' 300,000 

The  republics  of  Georgia,  Azerbaijan,  and  Armenia,  prop- 
erly parts  of  former  Asiatic  Russia,  have  since  the  fall  of  1921 
lost  their  independence  and  been  incorporated  within  Soviet 
Russia. 

Square  Miles 

Georgia 40,000 

Azerbaijan 30,000 

Armenia     20,000 

Of  all  the  countries  of  Europe,  Russia  has,  owing  to  the 
war  and  revolutions,  suffered  most  in  loss  of  territory,  disrup- 
tion of  government,  economic,  and  human  loss. 

The  population  of  all  Soviet  Russia  has  by  a  recent  census 
been  placed  at  130,700,000,  being  a  decrease  of  18,000,000  for 
the  same  area  according  to  pre-war  estimates. 

Russia  is  now  ruled  by  the  Soviet  (Russian  word  meaning 
council  or  committee)  form  of  government,  the  official  name 
of  Russia  today  being  "The  Russian  Socialist  Federated  Soviet 
Republic."  Soviet  Russia  is  a  federated  state,  consisting  of  a 
number  of  united  soviet  republics.  The  area  now^  actually  Rus- 
sia today  is  much  less  than  pre-w^ar  Russia.  The  eastern  boun- 
dary remains  the  same,  but  on  the  w^est  the  large  states  already 
named,  shut  it  off  almost  entirely  from  the  Baltic  Sea.  Only 
on  the  Gulf  of  Finland  in  the  region  of  Petrograd  does  Russia 
retain  an  outlet  to  the  sea  on  the  west.  During  the  w^inter  all 
this  coast  is  ice-bound. 

With  the  loss  of  much  of  her  territory  Russia  has  suffered 
great  economic  loss.  The  erection  of  states  on  her  western 
border  has  caused  her  the  loss  of  the  Baltic  coast  and  the  im- 
portant ports  of  Revel,  Riga,  and  Libava. 

The  loss  of  the  great  industrial  areas  of  Poland  and  the 
agricultural  and  forest  areas  of  the  Baltic  states  and  Finland, 
will  for  a  time  seriously  reduce  the  resources  of  the  nation.  The 
Donetz  coal  field,  and  "Black  Earth"  region,  which  is  one  of 
the  w^orld's  richest  granaries,  lie  w^ithin  Ukraine.  As  Ukraine  is 
allied  to  Soviet  Russia  these  resources  are,  in  part,  still  avail- 
able.     Odessa,    Russia's   great  seaport  on   the   Black   Sea,    is  in 


42  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

Ukraine.  The  rich  oil  fields  of  the  Caucasus,  in  Azerbaijan,  were 
for  a  time  lost  to  Russia,  but  this  area  has  recently  been  re-in- 
corporated within  Soviet  Russia. 

After  the  revolution  the  capital  of  Russia  was  removed  to 
Moscow.  Petrograd  was  never  an  ideally  located  capital  and 
with  Russia  reduced  in  area  and  Petrograd  situated  on  the  ex- 
treme western  border  and  easy  of  attack  by  foreign  states,  the 
selection  of  Moscow,  once  before  the  capital  of  Russia,  was  in 
line  with  developments  in  the  New  Russia. 

REFERENCES 

The  growth  of  Russia  is  shown  on  Map  H9  Charles  V,  Map 
HI 2  Europe  1648,  Map  HI  3  Europe  1  740]  Map  HI  5  Napoleon, 
Map  HI  6  Europe  1815,  and  Map  H23  Europe  1914.  The 
break-up  of  Russia  is  shown  on  Map  H27  Europe  1920.  The 
economic  and  industrial  development  of  Russia  is  shown  on  Map 
H24  Economic  Europe.  The  ethnic  distribution  in  Russia  is 
shown  on  Map  H25  Peoples  of  Europe.  All  these  maps  are  in 
the  Harding  European  History  Series. 

The  new  Russia  is  shown  on  Map  J2  Europe  (1921),  and 
Map  J3  Asia  (1921),  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Po- 
litical Geography  Maps. 

The  Baltic  States 

THE  three  Baltic  States  of  Esthonia,  Latvia,  and  Lithuania, 
lying  along  the  coast  of  the  Baltic  from  the  Gulf  of  Finland 
to  the  frontier  of  Germany,  were  formerly  part  of  Russia. 
Separated  from  Russia  proper  by  Lakes  Peipus  and  Pskov  and 
a  rough  hilly  country,  the  influences  shaping  the  history  of  this 
area  have  come  mostly  from  the  west.  The  Elsths  in  Esthonia 
like  the  Finns  are  descended  from  the  Yellow  race.  The  Letts 
in  Latvia  and  the  Lithuanians  belong  to  the  Baltic  group  of  the 
White  race.  After  their  incorporation  into  Russia,  these  peoples 
were  for  a  time  left  undisturbed  in  their  national  ways  of  living. 

In  the  sixties  the  "Russification"  of  these  provinces  began 
and  the  forcible  denationalization,  accentuated  by  a  land  hunger 
among  the  peasants,  who  formed  the  majority,  revived  national 
feeling.  After  the  collapse  of  Russia  these  states  underwent 
vso-ious  political  changes  ending  in  each  state  declaring  its  in- 
dependence. In  losing  these  Baltic  States,  Russia  loses  her 
"window  on  the  Baltic,"  through  which  she  carried  on  a  great 
transit  and  shipping  trade  with  the  outside  world.  The  western 
powers  have  been  active  in  supporting  these  new  border  states. 


43 

Esthonia 

ESTHONIA  was  declared  an  independent  republic  on  Feb- 
ruary 24,  1918.  TTie  area  is  23,160  square  miles,  with  a 
population  of  1,750.000.  Esths  form  95%  of  the  popu- 
lation; Germans  and  Russians  form  the  larger  part  of  the  mi- 
nority. Agriculture  and  lumbering  are  the  principal  occupations 
of  the  people.  Revel  (pop.  160,000),  is  the  capital,  and  before 
the  wax  was  one  of  the  leading  ports  of  Russia. 

Latvia 

SITUATED  around  the  Gulf  of  Riga,  Latvia  has  an  area  of 
24,400  square  miles,  about  the  size  of  West  Virginia.     The 
population  is    1,503,000   of  which    78%   are  Letts,   the  re- 
meunder  being  Jews,  Germans,  Russians  and  Poles.      Latvia  de- 
clared its  independence  November   1 8th,    1918. 

Riga  (pop.  569,000),  one  of  the  great  seaports  on  the  Bal- 
tic, is  the  capital.  Riga  was  formerly  one  of  the  great  outlets 
for  Russian  trade.  Libava  (pop.  90,000)  is  a  port  on  the  Baltic 
with  a  large  foreign  trade. 

Latvia  is  mainly  an  agricultural  country.  Lumbering  is 
important,  while  industries  are  not  extensively  developed. 

Lithuania 

NATIONAL  feeling  among  the  Lithuanians  developed  later 
than  among  the  Esths  and  Letts.  The  area  occupied  by 
the  Lithuanians  was  dominated  by  a  Polish  landed  class 
and  the  policy  of  "Russification"  was  directed  more  at  the  Poles 
than  against  the  Lithueinians  who  were  not  regarded  as  a  separate 
people.  Lithuania  proclaimed  its  independence  on  February 
16,  1918. 

The  area  of  Lithuania  is  36,500  square  miles,  about  the  size 
of  Indiana.  The  population,  4,65  7,000,  is  largely  Lithuanian 
with  a  mixture  of  Poles,  Jews,  and  White  Russians.  The  country 
is  low-lying,  nowhere  rising  to  more  than  700  or  800  feet  above 
sea  level.  Agriculture  is  carried  on  extensively,  though  the  land 
is  not  over-productive.  Rye,  oats,  barley,  and  potatoes  are  the 
principal  products.  Forests  cover  a  large  area  and  lumbering 
is  an  important  industry.  Industrial  and  commercial  develop- 
ment was  never  encouraged  under  Russian  occupation.  Kovno 
(pop.    195,000)   on  the  Niemen  is  the  present  capital  zmd  chief 


44  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

city.  Memel,  on  the  Baltic,  the  chief  port  for  Lithuania,  is  at 
present  controlled  by  the  Allied  Powers,  but  this  city  may  even- 
tually be  ceded  to  Lithuania. 

The  Niemen,  which  flows  partly  through  Lithuania  is  In- 
ternationalized to  Grodno  in  Poland.  The  eastern  boundary  of 
Lithuania  with  Poland  is  at  present  undefined.  Vilna  (pop. 
289,000)  the  old  historical  capital  of  Lithuania,  is  claimed  by 
both  Poland  and  Lithuania. 


Finland 

FINLAND  (meaning  a  country  of  swamps)  was,  before  the 
revolution  of  1917,  a  grand  duchy  of  Russia.  Annexed  in 
1809,  Finland  retained  its  own  constitution  and  was  allowed 
to  develop  its  own  national  life,  and  so  became  one  of  the  most 
prosperous  and  advanced  parts  of  the  empire.  In  1 899  the 
government  of  the  Czar  decided  upon  the  "Russification"  of 
Finland.  This  policy  was  resisted  by  the  Finns.  With  the 
breakdown  of  the  old  order  in  Russia,  Finland  declared  itself  a 
sovereign  and  independent  state  on  December  6th,   1917. 

Located  on  the  northwest  border  of  Russia,  it  stretches 
from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the  Gulf  of  Finland  and  in  area  is 
more  than  twice  the  area  of  New  England.  A  rather  infertile 
soil,  long  cold  winters,  and  short  summers,  are  unfavorable  to 
agriculture.  Oats,  rye,  barley,  and  potatoes  are  raised,  how- 
ever, in  considerable  quantities.  More  than  half  the  country 
is  covered  with  forests  of  pine  and  spruce.  Half  of  the  popula- 
tion live  on  agriculture  and  cattle  raising.  Lumbering  is  an  im- 
portant industry.  Mineral  resources  are  inconsiderable,  but 
large  resources  of  water-power  are  available  for  industrial  de- 
velopment. In  recent  years  there  has  been  a  steady  develop- 
ment in  manufactures. 

Of  the  total  population  of  3,300.000,  about  339.000  are 
Swedes  who  inhabit  the  coast  region  along  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia 
and  Gulf  of  Finland.  The  Finns  belong  to  the  Yellow  race  and 
speak  a  language  like  the  Esthonians.  Helsingfors  (pop.  187,- 
000)  is  the  capital.  Abo  (pop.  56.000),  Tammerfors  (pop. 
45,560),  and  Vyborg   (pop.  29,000)   are  other  important  cities. 

Before  1  809  Finland  was  a  part  of  Sw^eden.  Sweden  has 
never  quite  forgotten  this  loss  and  among  the  many  questions 
raised  during  the  recent  Peace  Settlement.  Sweden  presented  a 
claim  for  the  possession  of  the  Aland  Islands,  a  group  in  the  GuU 
of  Bothnia,  formerly  part  of  Sw^eden  and  more  recently  part  of 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  4S 

the  grand  duchy  of  Finland.  Located  at  the  mouth  of  the  gulf 
and  possessing  some  strategic  value,  Sweden  based  her  claim 
to  the  islands  on  former  possesion,  majority  of  Swedish  inhabi- 
tants, and  the  value  of  the  islands  for  the  defense  of  her  coast. 
Finland  opposed  the  claim  and  sought  to  retain  ownership.  After 
careful  consideration  of  the  case  the  League  of  Nations  decided 
that  the  Aland  Islands  are  rightly  part  of  Finland. 

The  relations  of  Finland  to  Soviet  Russia  were  until  recently 
not  very  friendly.  On  October  14,  1920  a  treaty  was  signed 
betw^een  these  nations  which  recognized  territorial  concessions- 
on  both  sides.  Finland  received  from  Russia  a  strip  of  territory 
on  the  north  w^hich  gives  her  a  port  on  the  Arctic  Ocean,  prac- 
tically ice  free  in  winter.  This  concession  will  be  of  great  com- 
mercial advantage  to  Finland,  for  during  the  winter  the  Gulf  o^ 
Bothnia  and  Gulf  of  Finland  are  icebound. 


Ukraine 

UKRAINE    (meaning    "border")    was    one    of    the    republics 
which  declared  its  independence  from  Russia  in  December 
1918.      Since   its  inauguration  as  a  republic,   Ukraine  has 
never  enjoyed  stable  government  for  any  long  period,  the  soviet 
and  anti-soviet  forces  always  contending  for  mastery. 

The  political  status  of  Ukraine  is  not  yet  quite  certain.  At 
the  present  time  the  country  is  governed  according  to  the  soviet 
form  of  government  and  although  its  independence  has  been 
recognized  by  Poland  and  Russia,  the  government  of  Ukraine 
is  largely  controlled  from  Moscow.  By  a  recent  treaty  (De- 
cember 1920)  many  of  the  commissariats  of  Ukraine  and  Rus- 
sia are  united.  This  action  would  seem  to  limit  the  independence 
of  Ukraine  and  make  it  simply  a  republic  in  the  federated  state 
of  Russia. 

Situated  to  the  southwest  of  Russia,  it  is  bounded  on  the 
west  by  Poland  and  on  the  southwest  by  Rumania.  The 
boundary  with  Poland  has  been  fixed  by  treaty,  but  Ukraine 
does  not  recognize  the  claims  of  Rumania  to  Bessarabia,  which 
w^as  formerly  a  part  of  Russia.  The  northern  and  eastern  limits 
of  Ukraine  are  not  yet  definitely  fixed.  The  area  of  the  republic 
is  estimated  at  300,000  square  miles,  an  area  equal  to  Texas 
and  Louisiana.  The  population,  estimated  at  40,000,000,  i» 
75%  Ukrainian,  with  Russians  and  Poles  as  the  next  largest  ele- 
ments. The  Ukrainians  (or  Little  Russians)  differ  slightly  from 
the  Great  Russians  in  race  and  language. 


46  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

Ukraine  lies  across  the  famous  "Black  Earth"  region,  one 
of  the  world's  richest  granaries.  From  this  region  Russia,  before 
1914,  exported  great  quantities  of  wheat,  barley  and  rye. 
Sugar-beet  growing  was  also  extensive,  making  sugar  manu- 
facture a  leading  industry  of  the  country.  The  mineral  wealth 
of  Ukraine  is  important.  The  Donetz  coaJ  field,  one  of  the  most 
productive  of  former  Russia,  lies  on  the  Donetz  River  on  the 
eastern  border  of  Ukraine.  The  output  of  this  field  in  1913 
was  24,800,000  tons  or  75%  of  the  total  output  of  European 
Russia.  Russia  has  since  lost  the  coal  Relds  in  former  Russian 
Poland. 

The  same  area  produced  in  1913  about  6,000,000  tons 
of  iron  ore.  The  close  proximity  of  coal  and  iron  has  made  this 
region  a  center  for  iron  and  steel  works  and  varied  manufactures. 
The  Donetz  Basin  was  before  the  war  one  of  the  great  industrial 
regions  of  Russia.  As  Soviet  Russia  has  lost  the  valuable  agri- 
cultural and  mineral  resources,  and  manufactures  of  her  former 
border  provinces  on  the  west,  the  economic  necessity  of  securing 
access  to  the  enormous  food  resources,  coal,  iron,  and  manu- 
factures of  Ukraine  has  been  an  important  factor  in  bringing 
about  a  close  political  and  economic  understanding  between 
Soviet  Russia  and  Ukraine. 

Ukraine  is  geographically  well  situated.  It  lies  halfway  on 
the  highway  between  Western  Europe  and  the  Caucasus.  The 
river  Dnieper,  running  across  the  state,  gives  it  excellent  interior 
transportation.  Ukraine  now  controls  the  Black  Sea  coast  with 
the  port  of  Odessa,  which,  before  the  war,  was  one  of  Russia's 
greatest  seaports.  Kief  (pop.  610,000)  on  the  Dnieper  is  the 
capital.  Odessa  (pop.  631,000),  formerly  the  third  city  in 
Russia  and  one  of  the  main  outlets  for  its  foreign  trade,  is  now 
included  in  the  new  republic,  Kharkof  (pop.  258,000),  Ekater- 
inoslaf  (pop.  220,000),  and  Nikolaief  (pop.  106,000)  are  im- 
portant industrial  centers. 

REFERENCES 

The  history  and  economic  development  of  the  Baltic  States, 
Finland  and  Ukraine  will  be  found  in  the  Harding  European 
History  Series,  using  the  same  references  as  for  Russia.  The 
ethnic  problems  of  the  new  states  are  illustrated  on  Map  H25 
Peoples  of  Europe.  The  geography  of  the  new  states  is  shown 
on  Map  J2  Europe  (1921)  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of 
Political  Geography  Maps. 


47 

The  Caucasian  Soviet  Republics 

AFTEIR  the  revolution  in  Russia,  various  racieJ  groups  of 
the  Caucasian  peoples  seceded  from  the  central  govern- 
ment. Of  the  numerous  republics  which  sprang  up  only 
three,  Georgia,  Azerbaijan,  and  Armenia  (Russian)  attained 
stability.  From  the  revolution  until  early  in  1921  these  three 
republics  were  independent  of  Soviet  Russia,  but  the  growing 
pow^er  of  Soviet  Russia  from  the  north,  and  that  of  the  Turkish 
Nationalist  forces  from  the  south  has  practically  destroyed  the 
independence  of  these  states. 

The  three  Caucasian  states  thus  became  Soviet  republics 
under  the  control  of  Russia.  On  October  13,  1921,  a  treaty  was 
signed  at  Kars  between  the  representatives  of  Soviet  Russia, 
Turkey  (Nationalist),  and  the  three  Caucasian  soviet  republics 
of  Georgia,  Azerbaijan,  and  Armenia,  which  settled  disputed  ter- 
ritorial points  between  Turkey  and  the  three  Caucasian  republics. 
This  treaty  also  indirectly  brought  the  three  Caucasian  soviet 
republics  within  the  federated  Russian  republic.  The  independ- 
ence of  Georgia,  Azerbaijan,  and  Armenia  (Russian)  is  now  a 
thing  of  the  past  and  they  again  assume  their  pre-war  status  as 
part  of  the  Russian  dominion.  The  three  republics  must  now 
be  regarded  as  allied  soviet  republics  within  the  Russian  Socialist 
Federated  Republic. 

The  Great  Powers  do  not  yet  recognize  the  changed  political 
status  of  these  Caucasian  republics.  From  this  point  of  view  the 
Caucasian  republics  may  deserve  extended  description. 

Georgia 

ORIGINALLY  a  member  of  the  Trans-Caucasian  Republic, 
established  April  1918,  Georgia  seceded  and  formed  a 
separate  independent  republic  on  May  1  8th,  1918.  Soviet 
Russia  has  steadily  refused  to  recognize  Georgia  and  finally 
in  the  fall  of  1921,  Georgia  lost  its  independence  and  became  an 
allied  soviet  republic  within  Soviet  Russia. 

The  area  is  estimated  at  40,000  square  miles  and  is  there- 
fore about  the  size  of  Ohio.  The  population  is  estimated  at 
3.176,000. 

The  agricultural  resources  of  Georgia  are  considerable; 
wheat,  barley,  maize,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  tea  are  grown. 
Fruits  are  extensively  raised,  and  vineyards  are  very  extensive. 
The  mineral  wealth  is  great;  Georgia  has  the  largest  deposits  of 
manganese  ore  in  the  world. 

TiHis  (pop.  346,000)  is  the  capital.     Batum  (pop.  25,000) 


48  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

on  the  Black  Sea  is  the  principal  seaport,  and  terminus  of  the 
oil  pipe  line  from  Beiku. 

Azerbaijan 

AZERBAIJAN  was  a  member  with  Georgia  and  Armenia  of 
the    Trans-Caucasian    republic.       On    May    28th,     1918, 
Azerbaijan  set  up  an  independent  republic.      In  area  it  is 
about  30,000  square  miles,  equal  in  size  to  Maine,  with  a  popu- 
lation  estimated   at   4,615,000   of  which   3,482.000   are  Tatars, 
and  795,000  are  Armenians. 

Baku  (pop.  250,000),  a  port  on  the  Caspian  Sea,  is  the 
capital.  Baku  is  the  center  of  the  great  Caucasian  oil  industry. 
The  possession  of  oil  gives  Azerbaijan  many  economic  ad- 
vantages, and  in  recent  years  she  has  been  able  to  impose  her 
will  on  neighboring  states  through  holding  back  oil  supplies 
Azerbaijan  is  no  longer  an  independent  republic  but  simply  an 
allied  soviet  republic  within  Soviet  Russia. 

Armenia 

POSSESSED  of  a  remarkable  tenacity  of  race,  culture,  and 
religion,  this  ancient  people,  the  Armenians,  have  withstood 
the  many  vicissitudes  of  their  long  and  turbulent  history. 
The  Armenian  question  has  been  one  of  the  most  difficult  ques- 
tions in  European  politics.  The  Armenians  are  scattered  through- 
out Asia  Minor  and  Trans-Caucasia,  but  the  largest  single  group 
is  found  on  the  high  plateau  around  Mt.  Ararat,  where  Noah's 
ark,  according  to  the  Bible  story,  rested. 

The  Armenians,  always  possessed  of  a  strong  national  con- 
sciousness, united  with  the  Georgians  and  Tatars  in  founding 
the  Trans-Caucasian  Republic  in  1918  follow^ing  the  Russian 
revolution.  In  1918  the  Armenian  Republic  of  Erivan  was  con- 
stituted. Though  recognized  by  the  Allies  it  never  attained 
political  stability,  and  its  history  since  its  founding  has  been 
stormy.  In  1920  President  Wilson  accepted  the  task  of  defining 
the  boundaries  of  Armenia,  but  his  report  only  defined  the  west 
and  southern  boundaries  from  the  Black  Sea,  south  of  Lake  Van 
to  the  border  of  Persia.  As  none  of  the  Allied  countries  would 
accept  the  mandate  for  Armenia,  the  country  was  left  to  main- 
tain its  own  independence.  Subjected  to  attacks  from  Soviet 
Russia  and  Turkey  (Nationalist)  the  power  of  Armenia  has 
gradually  diminished  until  today,  with  its  independence  lost,  a 
large  part  of  its  area  annexed  by  the  Turkish  Nationalist  Gov- 
ernment,  the  remaining  part  has  been  constituted   as   the  allied 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  49 

soviet  republic  of  Armenia,   within   the   Federated    Republic    of 
Soviet  Russia. 

The  area  of  the  soviet  republic  of  Armenia  is  about  20,000 
square  miles  with  a  population  not  exceeding  1,000,000.  The 
former  independent  republic  of  Armenia  covered  an  area  of 
60,000  square  miles,  with  an  estimated  population  of  3,000,000. 
Erivan  (pop.  90,000)  is  the  capital  and  only  large  town.  Tre- 
bizond  (pop.  50,000)  on  the  Black  Sea  and  Erzerum  (pop. 
40,000),  formerly  in  Armenia,  are  in  the  territory  re-annexed  by 
Turkey. 

REFERENCES 

The  history  of  Caucasia  and  Armenia  is  fully  covered  by 
many  maps  in  the  Breasted  Ancient  History  Series  and  the  Hard- 
ing European  History  Series.  The  economic  developnient  of  this 
area  is  shown  on  Map  H8  Medieval  Commerce,  and  Map  H24 
Economic  Europe. 

The  ethnic  distribution  in  Caucasia  in  its  relation  to  the 
new  nations  is  illustrated  on  Map  H25  Peoples  of  Europe.  Map 
J2  Europe  (1921),  and  Map  J3  Asia  (1921)  in  the  Denoyer- 
Geppert  Series  of  Political  Geography  Maps,  show  the  bound- 
aries of  the  new^  Caucasian  nations  according  to  the  most  recent 
treaties. 

Neutral  Nations  and  Their  Territorial  Gains 

SPAIN  and  Switzerland  were  the  only  neutral  European  na- 
tions during  the  World  War  w^hich  were  not  considered  in 
the  territorial  redistribution  in  the  peace  settlement.  Den- 
mark and  Norway  received  territorial  additions,  while  the  claim 
of  Sw^eden  to  the  Aland  Islands,  formerly  part  of  Russia,  was 
considered  by  the  League  of  Nations.  The  League  decided  in 
May,  1921,  that  the  Aland  Islands  should  be  retained  by  Finland. 
TTie  Netherlands  made  a  claim  on  the  Spitzbergen  Archipelago. 

Norway 

THOUGH  neutral  during  the  war,  Norway  gained  from  the 
Peace  Settlement  the  Spitzbergen  Archipelago.      Lying  far 

within  the  Arctic  Circle,  400  miles  due  north  of  Norway, 
Spitzbergen,  an  archipelago  of  some  25,000  square  miles,  about 
the  size  of  West  Virginia,  remained  until  1920  one  of  the  few 
areas  on  the  face  of  the  globe  to  be  unattached  to  any  state. 

It  was  the  search  for  a  route  to  the  Spice  Islands,  inde- 
pendent of  Portuguese  control,  that  led  to  the  discovery  of 
Spitzbergen.  Willoughby,  the  Englishman,  in  opening  up  the 
Northeast  passage,  discovered  Nova  Zembla.     The  Dutch,  rivals 


50  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

of  the  English,  hoped  to  forestall  the  English,  and  an  expedition 
led  by  the  Dutchman,  Barents,  discovered  Spitzbergen  in  1596. 
From  that  time  on  the  group  was  visited  principally  by  whalers, 
mainly  Dutch  and  English.  The  whaling  industry  in  recent  years 
has  declined,  due  largely  to  the  indiscriminate  slaughter  of  the 
whales.  In  recent  years  Spitzbergen  assumed  great  importance 
through  the  discovery  of  coal  deposits  (the  most  northerly  cozJ 
fields  in  the  world).  The  annual  output  is  small,  but  the  quality 
of  the  coal  is  good.  TTie  known  deposits  are  estimated  at 
9,000,000.000  tons. 

In  1914  an  international  conference  failed  to  determine 
which  nation  should  assume  sovereign  rights.  At  the  peace 
settlement  the  question  came  up  again.  Britain,  Netherlands,  and 
Norway  were  the  strongest  claimants.  Norway  was  granted 
limited  sovereignty  of  the  group  because  of  her  historic,  scien- 
tific, and  economic  interests.  As  Norway  has  no  coal,  the  Spitz- 
bergen fields  will  be  extremely  valuable  in  supplying  part  of  her 
industrial  needs. 

Denmark 

THOUGH  neutral  during  the  war,  the  Peace  Conference 
recognized  the  injustice  of  the  attachment  of  part  of  Schles- 
wig  to  Germany  in  1866.  The  Treaty  of  Versailles,  1919, 
designated  two  plebiscite  zones  in  former  German  territory 
where  the  people  would  decide  the  sovereignty  by  voting.  The 
northern  zone  voted  to  unite  with  Denmark  and  the  southern 
zone  remained  German.  Denmark  thus  regained  984  square 
miles  of  an  area  which  had  been  included  in  Germany  since 
1 866.  Agriculture,  cattle  breeding  and  dairy  farming  are  im- 
portant in  the  ceded  area. 

Liechtenstein 

LIECHTENSTEIN,  a  small  principality  on  the  eastern  frontier 
of  Switzerland  was  formerly  practically  a  dependency  of 
Austria.      In  November,    1918,   the  complete  independence 
of  Liechtenstein  was  declared. 

REFERENCES 

The  Schleswig  question  is  illustrated  on  Map  H 1 6  Europe 
1815,  and  Map  H20  German  Empire.  TTie  ethnic  aspect  of  the 
question  is  shown  on  Map  H25  Peoples  of  Europe.  The  solu- 
tion of  the  Schleswig  question  is  shown  on  Map  H28  Central 
Europe  1918-1921.  All  these  maps  are  in  the  Harding  European 
History  Series. 


THE  WORLD  REMAPPEL  51 

Map  J2  Europe  (1921),  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of 
Political  Geography  Maps,  shows  the  new  boundary  between 
Denmark  and  Germany,  the  Norwegian  control  over  Spitzbergen 
and  the  location  of  Liechtenstein. 

Political  Changes  in  Asia 

ATTENTION  has  been  so  concentrated  on  the  Europeem 
settlement  that  few  realize  the  tremendous  territorial 
changes  which  have  teJcen  place  in  Asia  Minor.  Arabiei, 
and  Caucasia,  all  parts  of  the  Asiatic  continent.  The  dismember- 
ment of  the  Turkish  Empire  and  the  break-down  of  Russia  gave 
many  oppressed  peoples  the  opportunity  of  realizing  their  na- 
tionalism in  the  founding  of  independent  states.  Within  the 
Turkish  Empire  the  Greeks  sought  union  with  their  motherland; 
the  Armenians,  oppressed  and  decimated  by  persecutions,  voiced 
their  demands  for  freedom,  and  the  Kurds  demanded  more  self- 
government.  In  the  Caucasus  region  Russia  had  not  been  suc- 
cessful in  her  "Russification"  of  her  border  provinces  and  the 
Georgians,  Armenians,  and  Tatars  threw  off  the  yoke  at  the  first 
weakening  of  the  great  empire.  Supported  by  the  allies  on  the 
grounds  of  "self-determination"  the  Peace  Conference  readily 
recognized  these  border  states  in  Caucasia.  Economic  interests 
and  politiceJ  rivalries  of  European  powers  played  their  part  in 
the  building  up  of  these  new  states  in  the  Near  East.  The  fol- 
lowing are  the  new  states  in  Asia. 

FORMERLY  PART  OF  THE  RUSSIAN  EMPIRE* 

Square  Miles  Population 

Georgia 40.000  3, 1  76.000 

Azerbaijan 30.000  3,000.000 

Armenia    20,000  1,000.000 

Far  Eastern  Democratic  Republic.  .  .  674.000  1,890,000 

FORMERLY  PART  OF  THE  TURKISH  EMPIRE 

Square  Miles  Population 

Kurdistan 30,000  1,200,000 

Syria   (French  mandatory)    120,000  3.000.000 

Palestine        1  .o  .,.  ,            j.     •     x  16,000  700,000 

Irak                 I  (British  mandatories).  143  qoO  2,849,000 

Hejaz 1 00,000  750.000 

Asir 35.000  1,500.000 

Yemen 75.000  1.000.000 

Smyrna  (Greek  mandatory) 8,500 

*Georgia,  Azerbaijan,  and  Armenia,  while  still  recognized  as  independent  republics  by 
the  Great  Powers,  are  really  no  longer  independent,  but  are  now  allied  soviet  republics  within 
Soviet  Russia. 


52  DENOYER-GEPPERT  COMPANY 

Georgia,  Azerbaijan  and  Armenia  are  so  closely  related  to 
Russia,  that  they  are  referred  to  under  that  section.  Smyrna  is 
described  under  Greece. 

Kurdistan 

KURDISTAN,  a  region  formerly  part  of  Turkey,  at  the 
sources  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  and  west  of  Persia, 
was  by  the  Treaty  of  Sevres  made  an  autonomous  state 
under  Turkey  with  a  promise  of  independence  at  a  later  date. 
Kurdistan  reached  its  height  of  power  under  Saladin  in  the 
twelfth  century  when  it  became  a  vast  kingdom  extending  as  iai 
as  Egypt  and  Yemen  on  the  south  and  the  Black  Sea  on  the 
north.  Under  the  government  of  the  Turks  the  power  of  the 
Kurds  dwindled.  Kurdish  nationalism  has  at  various  times  at- 
tempted to  throw  off  the  yoke  of  the  Turk.  The  Kurds  are  "a 
semi-nomadic  race,  numbering  about  1,200,000.  Diarbekr 
(pop.  38,000)  on  the  Tigris  is  the  only  large  town. 


Arabia 

WHEN  Turkey  entered  the  war  on  the  side  of  the  Central 
Powers  one  of  the  problems  of  the  Allies,  chiedy  the 
British,  was  to  safeguard  Egypt  and  the  Suez  Canal.  One 
of  the  chief  aims  of  Turkey  was  to  conquer  Egypt  and  destroy 
the  Suez  Canal  and  thus  deal  a  blow  at  the  British  Empire.  The 
Turks  v/ere  defeated  in  their  immediate  purpose.  The  Pan 
Arabic  movement  had  for  some  time  before  1914  been  very 
vigorous  in  the  Syrian  provinces  of  Turkey.  To  secure  the  de- 
feat of  Turkey,  Britain  obtained  the  adhesion  of  the  Arabic 
tribes  under  the  Sherif  Hussein  of  Hejaz  in  Arabia,  on  a  promise 
to  recognize  the  independence  of  the  Arabs.  Upon  the  suc- 
cessful conclusion  of  the  war,  the  Arabs  under  Hussein  claimed 
as  part  of  the  new  Arabian  kingdom,  Syria,  Palestine,  and  Mes- 
opotamia. Their  claim,  how^ever,  conflicted  w^ith  other  treaties 
which  had  been  made  during  the  war  between  France  and 
Britain  relative  to  this  region.  France  resisted  the  Arab  claims 
in  Sjn-ia  by  dethroning  Feisul  eis  "king"  of  Syria,  w^hile  the  British 
have  already  recognized  the  claims  of  the  Zionists  to  a  home  in 
Palestine. 

Hejaz,  the  new  independent  Arab  state,  may  ultimately 
form  the  nucleus  of  the  Pan  Arabic  Empire.  The  claims  of  the 
Arabs  are  now  being  considered  by  Britain  and  France;  Arab 
control  has  been  recognized  in  Irak  (Mesopotamia)  Nejd,  and 
Trans-Jordania.      The    establishment    of    a    strong    independent 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  53 

Pan  Arabic  state  in  a  region  which  since  the  beginning  of  history- 
has  been  one  of  the  world's  great  highways,  is  not  a  prospect 
which  appeals  to  the  western  nations.  The  lack  of  unity  amongst 
the  Arab  peoples  does  not  give  much  promise  that  their  political 
ambitions  will  ever  be  completely  realized. 

Syria 

FOR  centuries  the  name  Syria  has  been  applied  to  the  terri- 
tory along  the  Mediterranean  from  the  Taurus  Mountains  to 
the  Sinai  Peninsula  and  from  the  sea  on  the  west  to  the  desert 
on  the  east.  A  link  between  Asia  and  Africa,  Syria,  including 
Palestine  has  been  a  battle  ground  between  peoples  and  na- 
tions. The  repeated  invasions  have  given  it  a  very  mixed  pop- 
ulation though  the  majority  speak  Arabic  and  claim  to  be  Arabs. 
Syria  since  the  tenth  century  has  been  under  the  power  of  the 
Turk.  As  in  all  lands  under  Turkish  rule  the  country  has  suffered 
from  neglect  and  though  formerly  capable  of  producing  much, 
Syria,  today,  is  a  poor  country,  with  impoverished  soil  and 
limited  resources. 

Ssrria,  French  Mandatory.  By  the  Treaty  of  Sevres,  France  was 
eJloted  the  mandate  for  that  part  of  Syria  from  the  Gulf  of 
Alexandretta  in  the  north  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Jordan  on 
the  south  and  eastwards  across  the  desert  to  the  Euphrates  and 
Tigris.  This  territory  was  put  under  the  control  of  France  by 
the  League  of  Nations  because  of  her  predominant  interests  in 
this  region.  On  October  21,  1921,  the  French  Government 
signed  a  treaty  at  Angora  with  the  Turkish  Nationalists  which 
modified  the  northern  boundary  of  Syria  as  defined  by  the  Treaty 
of  Sevres. 

Before  the  war,  France  did  not  possess  any  territory  in  the 
Near  East.  The  control  of  this  new  state  makes  France  an  im- 
portant factor  in  the  Near  East.  The  area  is  1  20,000  square  miles 
with  a  population  of  3,000,000.  Damascus  (pop.  250,000)  is 
the  chief  city.  Aleppo  (pop.  250,000),  Beirut  (pop.  150,000), 
Hom.s  (pop.  70,000),  and  Hama  (pop.  60,000)  are  the  other 
important  cities.      Beirut  is  the  chief  port. 

Palestine 

IN    1919    Palestine  was   conquered   by   the   British.      On   April 
25th,    1920,  Britain  was  given  the  mandate  for  Palestine,  one 
of   the    objects    being    the    establishment    there    of   a    national 
home  for  the  Jewish  people.      The  growth  of  Zionism  amongst 
the  Jews  throughout  the  world  was  pronounced  before  the  war 


54  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

and  many  settlements  of  Jewish  colonies  had  been  made  in 
Palestine.  On  the  north  Palestine  joins  with  Syria;  on  the  east 
its  boundary  lies  west  of  the  Pilgrim  railway  to  Medina  and  on 
the  south  it  touches  the  Gulf  of  Akaba  and  Egypt.  The  area  is 
estimated  at  16,000  square  miles  with  a  population  of  about 
700.000,  of  which  550,000  are  Moslem  Arabs,  80,000  Jews, 
and  70,000  Christian  Arabs. 

Jerusalem  (pop.  60,000)  is  the  chief  town,  Jaffa  (pop.  54,- 
000)  is  the  leading  port.  The  long  cherished  wish  of  millions 
of  Jews  has  at  last  been  realized  and  speedy  progress  is  being 
made  toward  the  establishment  of  a  progressive  Zionist  state. 
It  is  significant  that  after  a  lapse  of  centuries  Jerusalem  and  the 
Holy  Land  are  again  under  the  government  of  a  Christian  power. 

The  British  occupation  of  Palestine  is  of  great  importance 
to  the  British  Empire.  The  strength  of  the  Empire  depends  on 
control  of  the  communications.  Palestine  lies  on  the  land  route 
between  Egypt,  Mesopotamia,  and  India.  By  gaining  control  of 
Palestine,  Britain  maintains  the  security  of  the  Suez  route  and 
also  controls  the  land  route  between  Africa  and  Asia.  During 
the  war  the  Egyptian  and  Palestine  railway  systems  were  linked 
up,  but  this  was  only  for  military  purposes;  a  regular  commercial 
route  has  now  been  developed.  In  addition  to  the  control  of 
Palestine,  Britain  has  also  obtained  control  of  Irak  (Meso- 
potamia) and  a  large  interest  in  the  government  of  Constanti- 
nople. Thus  by  controlling  these  key  positions  Britain  has  im- 
measurably strengthened  her  Empire. 


Cyprus 


UNTIL  November,    1914,  Cyprus  was  administered  by  Great 
Britain  under  a  convention  signed  with  Turkey.      At  the 
outbreak  of  hostilities  with  Turkey,  Great  Britain  annexed 
the  island. 

Rhodes 

DURING  the  war  Italy  occupied  many  of  the  Aegan  Islands 
belonging  to  Turkey.  At  the  Peace  Settlement  Greece 
obtained  the  majority  of  these  islands  but  Italy  continues 
to  administer  Rhodes,  (occupied  by  Italy  since  1911)  also 
Castelorizo,  islands  off  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor.  In  1925  a 
plebiscite  will  be  taken  to  decide  the  sovereignty  of  Rhodes,  as 
between  Greece  and  Italy. 


55 

Hejaz 

FORMERLY  a  vilayet  of  Turkey  and  nominally  controlled  by 
her  before  1914,  Hejaz  declared  its  independence  in  No- 
vember, 1916.  As  leader  of  the  Pan  Arabic  movement, 
and  also  by  virtue  of  the  possession  of  Mecca  and  Medina,  the 
holy  places  of  Islam,  Hejaz  wields  a  tremendous  power  in  the  Mo- 
hammedan world.  Hejaz  is  the  most  important  Arab  state  and 
may  eventually  be  the  nucleus  of  the  greater  Arab  state,  the 
claims  of  which  form  one  of  the  most  pressing  Near  East  prob- 
lems. Its  area  is  100,000  square  miles  (est.)  with  a  population 
of  750,000. 

Mecca  (pop.  80,000)  is  the  capital.  Jidda  (pop.  30,000) 
on  the  coast,  is  the  chief  port.  Medina  (pop.  40,000)  in  the 
interior,  is  the  terminus  of  the  Pilgrim  railway. 

Asir 

THIS  is  a  small  state  on  the  Red  Sea,  south  of  Hejaz,  which 
before    1914  was  nominally  under  Turkey.      It  is  now  in- 
dependent.     Area  estimated  at  35,000  square  miles;  pop- 
ulation  1,500,000. 

Yemen 

YEMEN,  on  the  Red  Sea,  and  nominally  part  of  Turkey  be- 
fore 1914,  secured  its  independence  during  the  war.  Tlie 
area  is  about  75,000  square  miles,  almost  equal  to  the  area 
of  Nebraska;  its  population  is  about  1,000,000.  Considerable 
areas  produce  cereals  and  coffee.  Sana  (pop.  25,000)  is  the 
capital;  Hodeida  (pop.  40,000)  and  Mokha,  are  ports  on  the 
Red  Sea. 

Irak  or  Iraq  (Mesopotamia) 

ON  August  23,    1921,   with  the  crowning  of  Emir  Feisul  as 
king,    Irak  or  Mesopotamia  became  a  native  Arab  king- 
dom under  the  protection  of  the  British.     Irak  was  formerly 
the  name  for  the  region  between  the  lower  courses  of  the  Eu- 
phrates and  Tigris  and  including  the  city  of  Bagdad. 

From  1917  to  the  above  date  Mesopotamia,  or  Irak,  as  it 
is  now  called,  had  been  under  the  government  of  the  British. 
The  promise  of  independence  made  by  the  Allies  to  the  Arabs 
in  1915  has  been  fulfilled  by  the  setting  up  of  this  native  Arab 
government  in  Mesopotamia. 


56  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

Of  all  the  lands  carved  out  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  Meso- 
potamia holds  the  most  promise  of  rapid  development.  The 
seat  of  ancient  empires,  Mesopotamia  (meaning  "between  the 
rivers"),  was  once  a  land  of  extreme  fertility  and  supported  a 
dense  population.  Its  present  miserable  condition  dates  from 
the  Mongol  invasion  of  the  thirteenth  century.  Since  that  time 
no  strong,  progressive  government  has  controlled  this  area  and 
Turkish  rule  continued  to  blight  this  region  until  it  was  con- 
quered by  the  British  in  1  9  1  7.  In  the  Peace  Treaty  with  Turkey, 
Mesopotamia  is  recognized  as  an  independent  state  to  be  placed 
under  a  mandatory  power.  The  Supreme  Council  allotted  the 
mandate  to  Britain. 

Mesopotamia  is  a  land  of  immense  economic  possibilities. 
The  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  through  the  centuries,  have  built  up  a 
vast  alluvial  plain.  In  times  past  its  richness  of  soil  made  it  one 
of  the  garden  spots  of  the  world.  With  the  rebuilding  of  its 
irrigation  system  the  land  should  return  to  something  approach- 
ing its  former  fertility.  In  the  north  cereals  can  be  grown 
abundantly,  while  the  south  offers  a  splendid  field  for  cotton  and 
rice.  At  present,  dates  are  the  principal  product.  Oil  is  the 
only  mineral  resource  of  the  country  and  while  development 
had  begun  under  Turkish  control  it  is  only  since  its  occupation 
by  the  British  that  development  has  been  conducted  on  a  large 
scale.  The  area  is  estimated  at  143,000  square  miles  and  the 
population  at  2,849,000.  The  population  consists  of  Arabs 
(50%),  Kurds,  Turkomans,  and  Russians.  Bagdad  (pop.  225,- 
000)  an  ancient  city  on  the  Tigris,  is  the  capital.  Basra  (pop. 
80,000)  on  the  Shat-el-Arab  is  the  chief  port. 

Before  the  war,  Irak  (Mesopotamia)  was  significant  in  the 
Berlin-to-Bagdad  plan  of  the  Central  Powers.  The  proposed 
railway,  sections  of  which  have  been  built  by  the  British  since 
the  war,  ran  down  the  valley  of  the  Tigris  to  Bagdad  and 
was  then  to  be  continued  down  the  river  to  the  Persian  Gulf. 
Had  Germany  completed  this  plan  it  would  have  constituted  a 
serious  threat  against  the  sea  route  to  India,  controlled  by  the 
British,  and  in  time  of  war  would  have  menaced  the  security  of 
India. 

REFERENCES 

The  history  of  the  Near  East  from  the  earliest  times  to  the 
present  is  shown  in  the  Breasted  Ancient  History  Series  and  the 
Harding  European  History  Series  of  Wall  Maps  published  by 
Denoyer-Geppert  Co. 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  57 

Political  developments  since  1914  are  shown  on  Map  J2 
Europe  (1921)  and  Map  J3  Asia  (1921).  in  the  Denoyer-Gep- 
pert  Series  of  Political  Geography  Maps. 


Sib 


ena 


THE  revolution  of  1  9  1  7  in  Russia  affected  all  of  the  Russian 
Empire.  Bolshevist  influence  has  gradually  spread  through- 
out Siberia  until  today  all  Siberia  west  of  Lake  Baikal,  and 
including  Russian  Central  Asia,  is  under  the  central  Soviet  gov- 
ernment at  Moscow.  East  of  Lake  Baikal,  minor  independent 
governments  were  established  at  Vladivostok,  Chita  and  other 
points. 

In  November,  1920,  a  conference  of  all  these  East  Siberian 
governments  w^as  held  and  it  reached  an  agreement  whereby  all 
the  territory  from  Lake  Baikal  to  the  Pacific  was  united  into  one 
government  called  the  Far  Eastern  Democratic  Republic  with 
its  capital  at  Chita. 

Vladivostok  (pop.  91,460),  Chita  (pop.  79,200),  Blag- 
ovyeshchensk  (pop.  62,500),  Khabarovsk  (pop.  51,300),  are 
the  largest  cities  within  this  new  republic. 

The  republic  possesses  great  forest  and  mineral  resources, 
and  extensive  fisheries;  the  country  has,  however,  undergone 
little  development. 

Japan  has  been  active  in  Eastern  Siberia  in  safeguarding 
her  interests  and  has  occupied  the  northern  part  of  Sakhalin  and 
the  Siberian  coast  to  the  east  of  the  Amur  river.  Political  con- 
ditions are  very  unsettled  throughout  all  Siberia. 

REFERENCE 

The  new  Far  Eastern  Democratic  Republic  is  shown  on  Map 
J  3  Asia  (1921),  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Political 
Geography  Maps. 


Japan 


As  a  result  of  the  war  Japan  has  become  the  leading  Asiatic 
power.      When   the  war   began   her   influence  was  limited 
to  the  island  empire,   Korea,   and  the  Liaotung  Peninsula. 
The  war  gave  Japan  her  opportunity  and  today  she  dominates 
Manchuria,  occupies  large  areas  of  Eastern  Siberia  and  from  the 
League  of  Nations  she  holds  the  mandate  for  the  former  German 


58  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

islands  in  the  Pacific,  north  of  the  equator.  The  importance  of 
these  added  territories  is  not  measured  in  area,  but  in  the  strategic 
and  economic  value  of  the  territory  controlled. 


FORMER  GERMAN  TERRITORY  CEDED  TO  JAPAN 

Square 
Mile* 

Caroline,  Pelew,  Mariana,  and  Marshall  Islands 960 

The  area  of  the  Japanese  Empire  is  now  261,498  square 
miles  with  a  population  of  77,063,500.  The  Japanese  occupa- 
tion of  Eastern  Siberia,  Manchuria,  and  the  northern  part  of 
Seikhalin  Island  is  not  permanent,  but  defended  by  Japan  on  the 
ground  that  her  interests  in  these  areas  need  protection. 

Kiaochow.  By  the  Treaty  of  Versailles,  the  former  German 
leased  territory  of  Kiaochow  in  northern  China  was  ceded  to 
Japan.  This  decision  did  not  receive  the  approval  of  China.  As 
a  result  of  an  agreement  made  at  the  Disarmament  Conference 
at  Washington,  November,  1 92 1 -February,  1922,  Japan  has 
renounced  her  claim  to  Kiaochow,  also  certain  arrangements  in 
Shantung,  and  the  territory  now  reverts  to  Chinese  sovereignty. 
The  area  of  Kiaochow  is  200  square  miles.  By  this  act  Japan 
gives  up  an  important  strategic  position  and  relinquishes  control 
over  one  of  the  most  important  mineral  areas  of  China. 

REFERENCES 

The  development  of  Japan  as  a  world  power  is  shown  on 
Map  H22  World  1914,  in  the  Harding  European  History  Series. 
Map  J3  Asia  (1921)  shows  the  Japanese  Empire  according  to 
the  latest  treaties;  the  Pacific  possessions  of  Japan  are  shown 
on  Map  J9  World.  These  maps  appear  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert 
Series  of  Political  Geography  Maps. 


Germany's  Lost  Pacific  Possessions 

IN  the  same  year  that  Germany  annexed  territory  in  Africa,  she 
also  began  her  colonial  expansion  in  the  Pacific.  In  1 884 
Germany  annexed  the  northeast  part  of  New  Guinea,  later 
extending  her  control  over  the  neighboring  archipelago.  In  the 
next  year  she  hoisted  her  flag  over  the  Marshall  Islands,  and  in 


THE  WORLD  REMAPPED  59 

1899,  after  the  debacle  of  Spain  in  the  Philippines,  Germany 
purchased  from  her  the  remaining  Spanish  possessions  of  the 
Carolines,  Marianas,  and  the  Pelews.  Samoa  became  an  inter- 
national question  in  the  same  year  (1899)  and  Germany  got 
control  of  severed  islands  in  the  Samoa  group.  With  this  settle- 
ment the  disposition  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  amongst  the 
nations  became  complete  and  Germany's  expansion  in  the  Pacific 
was  ended. 

FORMER  GERMAN  POSSESSIONS  IN  PACIFIC 

Square  Miles 

New  Guinea 70,000 

Bismarck  Archipelago I  5,5  70 

Solomon  Islands 4  200 

Caroline  Islands    \ 

Pelew  Islands         I     9^q 

Mariana  Islands    ( 
Marshall  Islands   / 

Nauru  Island 8 

Samoa  Islands 1 ,260 


Total 91.998 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  in  1914  New  Zealand  seized 
the  Samoa  Islands;  Australia  captured  New  Guinea,  Solomon 
Islands,  and  Bismarck  Archipelago;  Japan  captured  Kiaochow 
and  the  island  groups  from  the  Pelews  to  the  Marshalls.  In  a 
few  months  the  laboriously  built  up  Western  Pacific  empire  of 
Germany  had  passed  from  her  control. 

Under  the  Treaty  of  Versailles  the  control  of  these  pos- 
sessions passed  to  the  conquerors  to  be  controlled  under  man- 
dates from  the  League  of  Nations. 

MANDATORY  TERRITORIES  SOUTH  OF  THE  EQUATOR 

(New  Guinea 
TO  AUSTRALIA j  Bismarck  Archipelago 

( Solomon  Islands 

TO   NEW  ZEALAND Samoa  Islands 

TO   BRITISH    EMPIRE Nauru  Island 

MANDATORY  TERRITORIES  NORTH  OF  THE  EQUATOR 
/  Caroline  Islands 

TO  JAPAN  <   ^^^^.^  ^'\^f' 

*'  I    Mariana  Islands 

'    Marshall  Islands 


60  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

The  assumption  of  mandates  by  Australia  and  New  Zealand 
enlarges  the  responsibilities  of  these  young  nations  and  they  have 
now  become  in  fact.  Pacific  powers. 


Australian  Mandatory  Territories 

FORMER  German  New  Guinea  is  contiguous  to  the  Territory 
of  Papua,  the  British  part  of  New^  Guinea,  under  the  gov- 
ernment of  Australia.     The  products  of  this  area  are  trop- 
ical,  cocoanuts,   rubber,   and  cocoa  being  the  chief  commercial 
products.      Development  has  been,  however,  very  limited.     The 
territory  has  some  undeveloped  mineral  wealth. 

Australia  also  controls  the  neighboring  island  groups.  When 
Germany  annexed  these  islands  they  were  known  by  English 
names;  they  changed  New  Britain  to  Neu  Pommern,  and  New^ 
Ireland  to  Neu  Mecklenburg.  Australia  has  dropped  the  Ger- 
man names  and  on  all  maps  they  should  now  appear  by  their 
earlier  names.  New  Britain  and  New  Ireland.  Bismarck  Archi- 
pelago is  now  known  as  New  Britain  Archipelago.  These  islands 
are  very  fertile,  producing  cocoanuts  and  other  tropical  products. 


New  Zealand  Mandatory  Territories 

THE  Samoa  Islands  consist  of  the  Islands  of  Tutuila  and 
Tau  belonging  to  the  United  States  and  the  former  German 
islands  of  Savaii  and  Upolu.  The  latter  islands  are  now 
under  the  mandate  of  New  Zealand.  The  islands  are  very 
fertile,  producing  cocoanuts,  cocoa,  and  rubber.  Apia  on  Upolu 
has  a  very  good  harbor.  The  real  importance  of  the  islands  lies 
in  the  fact  that  they  are  on  the  direct  route  betw^een  New  Zea- 
land and  the  Panama  Canal  and  the  United  States,  giving  them 
considerable  strategic  value,  a  fact  which  was  recognized  by 
Germany. 

Nauru  Island,  which  lies  just  immediately  south  of  the 
equator,  is  of  very  small  size  but  has  great  economic  importance. 
The  mandate  is  held  by  the  British  Empire.  Its  area  is  only 
eight  square  miles.  For  countless  ages  it  has  been  frequented 
by  sea-birds  and  the  leachings  from  the  guano  have  impregnated 
the  limestone,  forming  deposits  many  feet  thick.  Production 
has  reached  as  high  as  300,000  tons  in  a  year.  Estimates  place 
the  available  deposits  as  high  as  100,000,000  tons. 


61 

Japan  in  the  Pacific 

ALL  the  former  German  islands  north  of  the  equator  are  held 
under  mandate  by  Japan.  The  Pelcw,  Caroline.  Mariana 
(with  the  exception  of  Guam)  and  the  Marshall  Islands, 
are  included  under  the  mandate.  The  islands  in  these  groups  are 
mainly  of  coral  formation  and  are  of  small  size,  exceeding  800 
in  number.  The  commercial  value  of  the  islands  is  small;  copra 
is  the  largest  article  of  export.  Anguar,  one  of  the  Pelew 
Islands,  has  deposits  of  high  grade  phosphates.  The  islands  have 
considerable  strategic  value  and,  though  they  cannot  by  the  terms 
of  the  mandate  be  fortified  or  used  as  naval  bases,  the  islands 
will  prove  of  great  importance  for  commercial  wireless  stations 
and  aviation  bases. 

After  the  peace  settlement  the  United  States  questioned  the 
control  exercised  by  Japan  over  Yap  in  the  Caroline  Islands. 
Yap,  situated  500  miles  east  of  the  Philippines,  is  an  important 
cable  station  for  Trans-Pacific  lines  from  Shanghai  (China), 
Menado  (Dutch  East  Indies)  and  Guam,  linking  up  the  United 
States  w^ith  the  Far  East  and  East  Indies.  The  importance  of 
cables  and  radio  communications  has,  especially  since  the  war, 
assum.ed  international  importance;  the  recent  controversy  on 
cable  control  at  Yap  and  other  points  has  shown  how  vital  the 
control  of  communications  is  to  the  welfare  of  nations. 

By  the  acquisition  of  these  islands  the  position  of  Japan  as 
a  Pacific  power  has  been  strengthened.  The  expansion  of  Japan 
in  the  Pacific  is  not  relished  by  Australia  and  New  Zeeiland. 
These  nations  have  adopted  the  policy  of  making  their  countries 
an  area  for  white  settlement  only.  With  the  disappearance  of 
Germany  from  the  Pacific,  the  United  States,  China,  Japan,  and 
Britain  with  her  colonies  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  are 
now  the  leading  Pacific  powers.  France  and  the  Netherlands 
have  also  possessions  in  the  Pacific. 

REFERENCES 

The  position  of  the  Great  Powers  in  the  Pacific  before  1914 
is  shown  on  Map  H22  World  1914,  in  the  Harding  European 
History  Series. 

The  peace  settlement  in  the  Pacific  is  shown  on  Map  J9 
World  (1921)  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Political  Geog- 
raphy Maps. 


62 

Political  Changes  in  Africa 

As  a  result  of  the  Great  War  almost  one-ninth  of  the  area 
of  Africa  changed  its  political  coloring.  Before  1914 
Germany,  Britain,  France,  Italy,  Belgium,  Portugal,  and 
Spain  controlled  1  1,200,000  square  miles  of  Africa  out  of  a 
total  area  of  1  1,514,000  square  miles.  Liberia  and  Abyssinia, 
the  only  independent  states  in  Africa,  represented  the  remaining 
eo-ea. 

The  idea  of  colonial  expansion  was  of  slow  growth  in  Ger- 
many and  it  was  not  until  1884  that  her  flag  was  hoisted  over 
Togo  and  part  of  Kamerun.  By  1914  her  African  possessions 
had  increased  to  1,037,700  square  miles.  Her  lateness  in  enter- 
ing the  race  for  colonies  prevented  Germany  from  getting  favor- 
able areas  for  white  settlement,  though  her  colonies  under  proper 
development  had  great  possibilities  as  sources  of  tropiceil  raw 
materials  which  would  make  Germany  less  dependent  on  other 
nations.  The  industries  of  Germany  had  grown  so  rapidly  that 
she  also  looked  to  her  colonies  for  markets  for  her  manufactured 
goods.  When  the  war  broke  out  Germany's  colonial  develop- 
ment had  not  progressed  to  any  great  extent. 


GERMANY'S  FORMER   AFRICAN   COLONIES 

Square  Miles 

Togo    33,700 

Kamerun    298,000 

German  East  Africa 384,000 

German  Southwest  Africa 322,000 


Total      1.037,700 

Her  colonies  in  Africa  thus  were  more  than  four  times  the 
area  of  Germany  proper,  or  one-third  the  area  of  the  United 
States.  By  the  Treaty  of  Versailles  all  these  colonies  passed  to 
the  Allied  nations,  and  being  unfitted  for  independence  are  held 
as  mandates  under  the  League  of  Nations. 

The  strategic  position  of  the  former  German  colonies  is 
not  without  interest.  German  East  Africa  blocked  the  stretch 
of  British  controlled  territory  from  north  to  south  and  thus  hind- 
ered the  construction  of  Cecil  Rhodes*  great  scheme  of  the  Cape 
to  Cairo  railroad.  The  Kamerun  projected  a  tongue  of  territory 
southwest  to  the  Kongo  and  Ubangi,  thus  breaking  the  continuity 
of  French  Equatorial  Africa.  To  the  north,  also  in  Kamerun,  a 
strip  of  territory  extended  to  Lake  Chad.     In  German  Southwest 


THE   WORLD   REMAPPED  63 

Africa  a  salient  dug  deep  into  British  territory  giving  Germany 
access  to  the  Zambezi.  The  aggressive  attitude  of  Germany  in 
Africa  with  her  continually  growing  territory  has  been  show^n 
especially  during  the  war,  to  be  a  well-laid  plan  to  develop  a 
"Mittel-Afrika"  as  well  as  a  "Mittel-Europa."  By  the  Treaty  of 
Versailles,  Togo  and  Kamerun  were  divided  between  Britain 
and  France;  German  East  Africa  passed  under  British  control, 
and  German  Southwest  Africa  fell  to  the  Union  of  South  Africa. 

Togo 

TOGO,  the  oldest  German  colony  in  Africa,  and  the  only 
one  self-supporting,  was  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Guinea 
betw^een  the  British  colony  of  Gold  Coast  and  the  French 
colony  of  Dahomey.  In  area  (33,700  square  miles)  about  the 
size  of  Indiana,  it  produced  for  commerce,  palm  oil,  rubber,  and 
copra.  Railway  development  had  made  progress  in  the  colony. 
By  the  Treaty  the  colony  was  divided  unequally  between  Britain 
and  France.  Britain  received  the  mandate  for  the  western  and 
smaller  part  adjacent  to  the  Gold  Coast  and  France  received 
the  larger  eastern  section  adjacent  to  Dahomey.  Lome,  the 
former  capital  and  chief  port,  is  now  in  French  territory. 

Kamerun 

THIS  colony  was  occupied  by  Germany  in  1 884.  The  ter- 
ritory lies  on  the  Gulf  of  Guinea  betw^een  Nigeria  and  French 
Equatorial  Africa.  Its  area  (298,000  square  miles)  was 
considerably  larger  than  Texas  and  almost  five  times  all  of  New 
England.  Kamerun  is  a  tropical  storehouse  in  its  richest  and 
most  varied  aspects.  Development  was  very  slow.  Palm  oil, 
rubber,  and  cocoa  form  the  chief  articles  of  commerce. 

A  thin  strip  of  territory  adjoining  Nigeria  was  accepted 
under  mandate  by  Britain,  while  France  obtained  the  mandate 
for  the  remainder,  about  265,000  square  miles,  with  the  port  of 
Duala.  This  section  alone  is  considerably  larger  than  all  of 
France.  The  area  over  which  France  gains  control  includes  the 
territory  France  ceded  to  Germany  in  1911  in  compensation 
for  settlement  of  the  Morocco  question.  Before  1911,  Kamerun 
was  separated  from  the  Kongo  River  by  a  wide  stretch  of  terri- 
tory. Germany's  first  demand  for  a  settlement  of  the  Morocco 
question  demanded  a  common  frontier  with  Belgian  Kongo. 
The  final  compromise  added  to  Kamerun  a  large  area,  over  1  00,- 
000  square  miles,  which  enabled  Germany  to  put  out  tw^o  salients 
of  territory  which  gave  her  an  outlet  on  the  Kongo  River  and 


64  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

the  Ubangi  River.  This  cession  divided  French  Equatorial 
Africa  and  rendered  communication  between  the  coast  and  in- 
terior difficult.  This  settlement  was  regarded  as  one  more  step 
in  the  German  "Mittel-Afrika"  plan. 

The  control  of  Kamerun  by  France  thus  makes  French  ter- 
ritory in  West  and  North  Africa  continuous  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean to  the  Kongo  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Egyptian 
border.  A  great  opportunity  is  thus  offered  to  France  to  de- 
velop unhampered  the  many  schemes  for  linking  up  the  Kongo 
with  the  proposed  Trans-Sahara  and  other  proposed  West 
African  railways. 

Tanganyika 

(Former  German  East  Africa) 

FORMER  German  East  Africa,  now  called  Tanganyika,  situ- 
ated between  former  British  East  Africa  and  Mozambique 
(Portuguese  East  Africa)  was  Germany's  largest  and  most  im- 
portant colony.  It  is  almost  twice  the  size  of  Germany  and  over  six 
times  the  area  of  New  England.  The  colony  was  the  most  highly 
developed  of  Germany's  African  possessions.  Because  of  the 
fertility  of  the  soil,  and  varied  climate  corresponding  to  altitude, 
the  products  of  this  region  are  numerous  and  varied.  Sisal, 
hemp  and  rubber  are  the  chief  products  for  export.  The  in- 
terior rises  steplike  to  a  plateau  of  average  elevation  of  three  to 
four  thousand  feet  above  which  there  are  considerable  areas  of 
higher  land  offering  areas  for  white  settlement.  The  central 
location  of  the  colony  with  its  contact  on  the  three  great  inland 
lakes  of  Victoria,  Tanganyika,  and  Nyasa  added  greatly  to  its 
importance,  supplemented  by  the  railway  connecting  Dar-es- 
Salaam  on  the  coast  with  Ujiji  on  Lake  Tanganyika,  making  this 
port  not  only  an  outlet  for  the  trade  of  the  colony  but  also  for 
a  large  part  of  Central  Africa.  Dar-es-Salaam  (pop.  24,000) 
is  the  chief  port  and  the  capital.  During  the  war  German  East 
Africa  was  conquered  by  the  British  after  a  severe  campaign. 

Because  of  its  contiguity  to  British  territory,  its  position, 
and  economic  needs,  the  mandate  for  this  territory  was  given 
to  Britain.  In  August  1920  this  new  protectorate  was  renamed 
the  Tanganyika  Territory.  With  this  new  cession  Britain  now 
controls  a  continuous  strip  of  territory  from  Egypt  and  the  Med- 
iterranean on  the  north  to  Cape  Town  on  the  south,  a  distance 
of  over  4,700  miles.  The  Cape  to  Cairo  railroad,  an  imperial 
dream  of  Cecil  Rhodes,  the  great  empire  builder  of  Africa,  with 
his  great  idea  partly  realized  in  his  lifetime,  is  now  possible  of 
complete  realization. 


65 


Belgian  Kongo 

BECAUSE  of  Belgium's  part  in  the  war,  Britain  transferred 
part  of  the  former  German  East  Africa  to  Belgium.  The 
region  ceded  to  Belgian  Kongo  comprises  the  valuable  area 
between  Lakes  Kivu  and  Victoria,  the  boundary  being  so  ad- 
justed that  a  narrow  strip  of  territory  to  the  west  of  Lake  Vic- 
toria remains  British.  This  passageway  was  left  for  the  possible 
route  of  the  projected  Cape  to  Cairo  railway.  Belgium  governs 
this  addition  under  a  mandate  from  the  League  of  Nations. 

Southwest  Africa  Protectorate 

(Former  German  Southwest  Africa) 

BOUNDED  on  the  east  and  south  by  British  territory  and  on 
the  north  by  Angola  (Portuguese  West  Africa)  Southwest 
Africa  Protectorate,  former  German  Southwest  Africa,  is 
more  than  twice  the  size  of  California.  Of  all  Germany's  African 
colonies  it  was  the  most  suitable  for  white  settlement  and  a  pos- 
sible outlet  for  Germany's  excess  population.  The  country,  how^- 
ever,  lies  in  an  arid  belt  and  no  part  of  the  region  receives  suffi- 
cient rainfall.  In  the  northeast,  where  the  rainfall  averages  about 
twenty  inches,  some  agriculture  is  carried  on  with  cotton  and 
tobacco  as  the  principal  crops.  Other  sections  of  the  country 
are  suitable  for  cattle  raising,  sheep,  and  ostrich  farming  and 
like  the  rest  of  South  Africa  may  become  a  future  source  for 
meat  supplies  for  Europe. 

A  great  deal  of  prospecting  for  minerals  has  been  done  in 
the  colony.  In  1911  diamonds  were  discovered  in  the  desert 
region  of  the  southwest;  in  1913  diamonds  to  the  value  of  $10,- 
000,000  were  exported.  The  copper  mines  at  Otavi  in  the 
north  are  very  productive.  Other  minerals  have  been  found 
but  little  development  has  been  attempted.  Windhoek  is  the 
chief  town. 

The  low,  dune  marked  coast  of  the  colony  offers  few  good 
harbors.  As  Walfish  Bay,  the  only  good  harbor,  was  a  British 
possession  the  Germans  attempted  to  make  a  harbor  at  Swakop- 
mund.  This  harbor,  however,  has  since  been  abandoned,  as 
Walfish  Bay  is  nov/  available  for  the  w^hole  colony.  During  the 
war  the  colony  was  conquered  by  South  African  troops.  By 
the  treaty,  the  Union  of  South  Africa  was  given  the  mandate  for 
the  territory  and  it  has  been  incorporated  into  the  Union  under 
the  name  of  the  Protectorate  of  Southwest  Africa. 


66 

Portuguese  Gains 

ALTHOUGH  Portugal  was  one  of  the  Allied  Powers  at  weir 
with  Germany,  her  claims  to  additional  territory  were  not 
considered  as  she  has  more  territory  in  Africa  now^  than 
she  can  efficiently  control.  A  rectification  of  the  northern 
boundary  of  Mozambique  (Portuguese  East  Africa),  however, 
was  made.  By  the  Treaty  of  Versailles  the  Peace  Conference 
on  September  23rd,  1919,  allotted  to  Portugal  "as  the  original 
and  rightful  owner"  the  small  area  south  of  the  Rovuma  River, 
known  as  the  "Kionga  Triangle"  (form^erly  part  of  German  East 
Africa).  The  area  of  this  addition  is  inconsiderable  and  of  no 
economic  value. 


The  Treaty  of  London  and  Italian  Colonies 

WHEN  Italy  joined  the  Allies,  promises  of  territory  in 
Europe  and  "equitable  compensations"  in  Africa,  should 
German  colonies  come  under  British  and  French  control, 
were  made.  The  treaty  specified  boundary  adjustments  in  Libia, 
French  Somali  Coast,  Eritrea,  and  the  neighboring  colonies  of 
Great  Britain.  After  the  war  "conversations"  were  begun,  and 
France  has  yielded  to  Italy  a  considerable  territory  in  the  Sahara 
which  now  becomes  part  of  Libia,  Italy's  colony  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean. Britain  has  also  rearranged  the  western  frontier  of 
Egypt  so  as  to  add  a  large  strip  of  territory  on  the  eastern  border 
of  Libia.  The  territory  added  to  Libia  does  not  appear  to  be  of 
any  great  economic  value.  From  British  East  Africa,  now  called 
Kenia,  Britain  also  ceded  to  Italian  Somali  Land  a  strip  of  ter- 
ritory on  the  west  of  the  Juba  River,  which  now  gives  Italy  the 
sole  control  of  the  waters  of  this  river. 


Egypt 


FROM  1882  to  1914  Egypt  was  "occupied"  by  Britain. 
When  Turkey  entered  the  war  against  the  Allies,  Britain  de- 
clared in  December,  1914,  a  protectorate  over  Egypt,  thus 
finally  ending  all  Turkish  authority  in  Egypt.  TTie  war  gave  an 
impulse  to  the  nationalist  movement  in  Egypt.  The  British  gov- 
ernment is  now  considering  plans  whereby  Egypt  may  enjoy  a 
large  measure  of  self  government 


67 

Kenia 

(Former  British  East  Africa) 

IN  the  reorganization  of  her  African  possessions,    Britain  raised 
British  East  Africa  from  a  protectorate  to  the  status  of  a  col- 
ony and  changed  its  name  to  Kenia,  after  Mt.  Kenia,  one  of 
the  mountain  peaks  in  the  colony. 

REFERENCES 

The  partition  of  Africa  amongst  the  European  nations  ia 
shown  on  Map  HI  4  Discoveries  and  Colonization,  and  Map  H22 
World  1914,  in  the  Harding  European  History  Series.  The  new 
partition  of  Africa  following  the  peace  settlement  is  shown  on 
Map  J4  Africa  (1921),  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Po- 
litical Geography  Maps. 

The  British  Empire 

As  a  result  of  the  World  War,  Britain  gained  the  largest 
amount  of  enemy  territory.  She  gained  no  territory  in  Europe. 
In  Africa  and  the  Pacific  she  obtained  control  of  part  of  the 
former  German  colonies  and  in  Asia  her  gains  were  at  the  ex- 
pense of  Turkey.  The  added  territories  were  not  ceded  out- 
right but  are  controlled  by  mandates,  responsible  to  the  League 
of  Nations.  The  Union  of  South  Africa,  Australia,  and  New  Zea- 
land control  certain  of  these  mandates. 

In  recent  years,  even  before  1914,  the  self-governing  col- 
onies of  Canada,  South  Africa,  Australia,  and  New  Zealand 
developed  their  own  policies,  as  almost  to  become  virtually  inde- 
pendent nations.  The  war  brought  out  the  need  for  a  better 
understanding  on  the  future  relations  of  the  Empire  to  its  domin- 
ions and  colonies. 

As  a  result  of  the  cession  of  Kiaochow  by  Japan  to  China  in 
1922,  Britain  has  returned  Weihaiwei  to  the  sovereignty  of 
China. 

After  centuries  of  conflict  and  friction  between  Ireland  and 
Great  Britain,  the  relations  of  Ireland  to  the  British  Empire  were 
amicably  adjusted  by  a  treaty  signed  at  London,  December  6, 
1921.  The  treaty  provides  for  the  creation  of  the  Irish  Free 
State,  as  a  dominion  within  the  British  Empire.  Ulster  is  not 
included  within  the  Free  State,  but  she  has  the  privilege  of  join- 
ing at  a  later  date. 

Canada,  South  Africa,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  India 
with  Great  Britain  signed  the  various  peace  treaties.  TTiese 
dominions  are  also  members  of  the  League  of  Nations.      Nego- 


68  DENOYER-GEPPERT   COMPANY 

tiations  are  now  proceeding,  which,  while  leaving  to  the  domin- 
ions control  of  their  own  national  affairs,  will  also  give  them  a 
larger  voice  in  the  shaping  of  imperial  policies.  The  old 
imperial  idea  of  the  British  Empire  seems  likely  to  be  soon  dis- 
carded and  in  its  place  will  arise  a  new  political  conception  in 
the  "British  Commonwealth  of  Nations." 

REFERENCES 

The  territorial  expansion  of  the  British  Empire  is  shown  on 
Map  HI  4  Discoveries  and  Colonization,   and  Map  H22   World 

1914,  in  the  Harding  European  History  Series.  Political  develop- 
ments since  1914  are  shown  on  Map  J2  Europe  (1921),  Map 
J3  Asia    (1921),   Map   J4  Africa    (1921),   and  Map  J9   World 

(1921  )  ;  these  maps  are  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Politi- 
cal Geography  Maps. 


The  United  States  and  the  Peace  Settlement 

OUR  country  entered  the  war  to  protect  its  national  honor 
and  rights.  We  had  no  selfish  ends  to  serve;  we  sought 
no  territory,  no  indemnities.  At  the  Peace  Conference  our 
country  attempted  to  seek  a  settlement  which  would  make  for 
permanent  peace  amongst  the  nations.  The  question  of  a  United 
States  mandate  over  Armenia  was  proposed  but  our  policy  of  no 
foreign  entanglements  prevented  its  acceptance. 

In  the  Pacific  the  disappearance  of  Germany  as  a  power 
has  brought  us  into  close  territorial  contact  with  the  British  Em- 
pire at  Samoa  where  New^  Zealand  holds  the  mandate  for  part  of 
the  group,  while  our  country  governs  the  remainder.  The  ex- 
pansion of  Japan  in  the  Pacific  with  control  of  all  the  former 
German  islands  north  of  the  equator  has  also  brought  us  into 
very  close  relations  with  that  power. 

The  growth  of  our  country  to  a  leading  position  amongst 
the  world  powers  has  made  us  vitally  interested  in  the  main- 
tenance of  our  communications  with  the  outside  world,  particu- 
larly in  the  Pacific  where  our  principal  possessions  are.  Strung 
across  the  Pacific  we  have  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Samoa  Islands, 
Guam,  and  the  Philippines.  The  recent  controversy  over  the 
control  of  Yap  and  the  cables  that  center  there  was  but  part  of 
our  policy  of  securing  for  ourselves  and  the  w^orld  unrestricted 
communication,  a  matter  of  great  importance  in  the  preservation 
of  peace  between  the  nations. 


69 

REFERENCES 

The  historical  development  of  United  States  as  a  world 
power  is  shown  on  Map  A24  Greater  United  States,  in  the  Hart- 
Bolton  American  History  Series. 

Tlie  United  States  in  its  world  relations  is  shown  on  Map 
J9  World,  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Political  Geography 
Maps. 

Political  Changes  Outside  the  Scope  of  the 
Peace  Settlement 

Iceland 

FROM  930  A.  D.  to  1264  A.  D.,  Iceland  was  an  independent 
republic.  From  1264  until  1918  it  was  first  under  the  domi- 
nation of  Norway,  and  later  of  Denmark.  By  an  act  of 
union  1918,  with  Denmark,  Iceland  has  been  acknowledged  a 
sovereign  state  and  united  to  Denmark  only  through  the  identity 
of  the  sovereign,  who  is  King  of  Iceland  as  well  as  King  of  Den- 
mark. The  area  of  Iceland  is  39,709  square  miles  with  a  popula- 
tion of  91,192.  Reykjavik  (pop.  15,328)  is  the  capital.  Of 
the  total  area  six-sevenths  is  unproductive.  Fishing  is  the  most 
important  industry. 

REFERENCE 

The  changed  status  of  Iceland  is  shown  on  Map  J2  Europe 
( 1  92  1  )  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Political  Geography 
Maps. 


Republic  of  Central  America 

THE    confederation    of   three   of  the    republics  of    Central 
America — Guatemala,  Honduras,  and  Salvador — ^was  con- 
cluded as  a  result  of  a  treaty  signed  on  January  19th,  1921. 
Tegucigalpa  is  the  new  federal  capital. 

The  constitution  of  the  new  confederation  declares  "that 
each  state  will  preserve  its  autonomy  and  independence  in  the 
handling  and  direction  of  its  domestic  affairs,  and  likewise  all 
the  powers  that  are  not  vested  in  the  federation  by  the  Federal 
Constitution.** 


70  DENOYER-GEPPERT  COMPANY 

Costa  Rica  was  also  a  party  to  the  treaty  but  ratification  has 
so  far  been  refused  by  its  congress.  Nicaragua  has  been  invited 
to  join  the  confederation;  she  has  expressed  her  willingness  to 
join  if  she  is  allowed  to  retain  certain  treaty  making  powers. 

Costa  Rica  and  Nicaragua  will  most  likely  become  members 
of  the  confederation  within  a  short  period. 

The  permanency  of  this  new  confederation  is  a  matter  of 
great  doubt. 

China 

After  the  overthrow  of  the  Manchu  dynasty  in  1911,  China 
became  a  republic.  The  control  of  the  central  government  at 
Peking  has  in  the  intervening  years  been  challenged  by  South 
China.  At  the  present  time  two  governments  are  in  power  in 
China,  that  of  North  China  at  Peking  and  South  China  at  Canton. 
The  government  at  Peking  is  that  recognized  by  the  Great 
Powers. 

Owing  to  the  lack  of  a  strong  central  government  in  China 
proper,  the  dependencies  of  Mongolia,  Sinkiang,  and  Tibet  are 
today  practically  independent.  Outer  Mongolia  is  controlled  by 
the  "People's  Government  of  Mongolia." 

Kiaochow.  Because  of  the  murder  of  some  German  mis- 
sionaries in  China  in  1897  Germany  seized  Kiaochow,  a 
territory  on  the  northeast  coast  of  China.  In  1898  she  obtained 
a  lease  of  the  area  and  in  the  same  year  the  area  was  declared  a 
protectorate  of  the  German  Empire. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  Japan  captured  Kiaochow  from 
the  Germans  and  occupied  the  territory.  By  the  Treaty  of 
Versailles  Japan  acquired  all  the  former  German  rights  and 
privileges  in  the  territory  of  Kiaochow,  also  some  arrangements 
relative  to  the  province  of  Shantung.  This  arrangement  was 
made  over  the  protest  of  China,  whose  delegates  consequently 
refused  to  sign  the  Treaty  of  Versailles.  By  her  occupation  of 
Shantung,  Japan  controlled  one  of  the  richest  mineral  areas  in 
China,  and  occupied  an  area  of  great  strategic  importance.  The 
Shantung  question  became  such  an  issue  that  Japan  promised  to 
return  the  territory  to  China,  without,  however,  fixing  a  date. 

At  the  recent  Disarmament  Conference  in  Washington, 
November,  1 92 1 -February,  1922,  the  question  of  the  territorial 
integrity  of  China  formed  one  of  the  most  important  points  of 
discussion.  As  a  result  of  an  agreement  Japan  agreed  to  re- 
nounce the  cession  of  Kiaochow,  with  special  arrangements 
regarding  properties  in  Shantung.      The  territory   of   Kiaochow 


DENOYER-GEPPERT  COMPANY  71 

now  reverts  to  China.     Japan  will,  however,  retain  the  customs 
house  at  Tsingtao  (Kiaochow). 

TTie  area  of  Kiaochow  is  200  square  miles,  with  a  popula- 
tion of  227,000. 

Weihaiwei.  When  Russia  and  Germany  began  to  dominate 
Northern  China,  Britain  obtained  a  lease  in  1  898  from  China  of 
the  territory  of  Weihaiwei  in  the  Shantung  Peninsula.  The  recent 
cession  of  Kiaochow  by  Japan  to  China,  and  the  elimination  of 
Russia  and  Germany  as  factors  in  this  region  has  rendered  the 
retention  of  Weihaiwei  by  Britain  no  longer  necessary.  At  the 
recent  Disarmament  Conference  in  Washington.  Britain  an- 
nounced its  decision  to  return  Weihaiwei  to  the  sovereignty  of 
China,  similar  in  terms  to  the  cession  of  Kiaochow  by  Japan.  The 
area  of  Weihaiwei  is  285  square  miles,  with  a  population  of 
147,000. 

REFERENCES 

The  foreign  domination  of  China  is  shown  on  Map  H22 
World  1914,  in  the  Harding  European  History  Series.  Map  J 3 
Asia  (1921  edition)  shows  the  Japanese  control  of  Shantung  as 
a  result  of  the  World  War,  and  Map  J3  Asia  (1922  edition) 
shows  the  return  of  Weihaiwei  and  Kiaochow  to  Chinese  sov- 
ereignty, also  the  growing  independence  of  Outer  Mongolia. 
These  maps  appear  in  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  Political 
Geography  Maps. 


Development  of  World   Empires  1914-1922 

Area  in  Square  Miles 

1914  1922 

United  States 3.689.385  3,689.514 

British  Empire    12,780.380  f  13.760.000 

France    3,774,000  t4.186.000 

Russian  Empire    8,764.000  *7.5 79.000 

Japanese  Empire 260.738  261.498 

Italy 695.000  860.000 

Germany    1.332.000  **175.709 

fincluding  mandates. 

*Now  a  Federated  Soviet  Republic. 

**Now  a  republic. 


Biographical 

(Continued  from  page  iii  in  front  of  book) 

The  work  of  the  educator  and  scholar  in  the  preparation  of 
the  Denoyer-Geppert  school  maps  has  been  faithfully  expressed 
by  the  most  skillful  craftsmen  to  be  found  in  America.  The  map 
drawings  of  the  artist  had  to  meet  the  exacting  demands  of  the 
editors,  who  insisted  on  accuracy  in  execution  as  a  prerequisite 
to  the  placing  of  their  names  on  the  product.  Their  reputations 
were  at  stake.  From  original  drawings  to  final  printing,  the 
educators  and  scholars  in  charge  supervised  the  work. 

The  house  of  Denoyer-Geppert  has  shown  that  America 
can  produce  maps  of  the  highest  standard  in  accuracy,  scholar- 
ship, mechanical  excellence,  and  effectiveness  in  teaching. 

The  New  History 

Previous  to  1916  most  of  the  history  maps  offered  to  the 
schools  of  America  were  based  on  the  older  interpretation  of 
history.  There  was  an  overemphasis  of  periods  which  no  longer 
are  considered  important;  military  campaigns  with  locations  of 
battles  occupied  too  much  space. 

The  Denoyer-Geppert  Series  of  History  Maps,  covering 
Ancient,  European,  and  American  History — the  most  extensive 
series  ever  produced — are  based  on  the  "new  history"  with  its 
emphasis  not  on  political  events  and  military  exploits,  but  on 
the  geographic,  economic,  industrial,  commercial  and  sociological 
phases  of  human  development. 

Professor  James  Henry  Breasted,  one  of  the  world's  ablest 
scholars  in  Ancient  History,  in  collaboration  with  Professor  Carl 
F.  Huth,  Jr.,  prepared  the  Ancient  History  Series. 

Professor  Samuel  Bannister  Harding,  widely  recognized  as  a 
scholar  and  writer  on  European  History,  prepared  the  European 
History  Series. 

Professor  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  one  of  the  best  known  of 
American  historians,  in  collaboration  with  Mr.  David  M.  Mat- 
teson,  research  historian,  prepared  the  American  History  Series. 

Professor  Herbert  E.  Bolton,  a  leading  authority  on  Latin 
American  History,  prepared  special  maps  for  the  American  His- 
tory Series. 


DENOYER-GEPPERT  NEW  HISTORY  WALL  MAPS 

69  Map*,  All  Uniform  Size — 44x32  Inches 
BREASTED  ANCIENT  SERIES 

Edited   by  James   H.   Breasted   and  Carl   F.  Huth 


B  1. 

B  2. 

B  3. 

B  4. 

B  5. 

B  6. 

B  7. 

B  8. 

H  1. 

H  2. 

H  3. 

H  4. 

H  5. 

H  6. 

H  7. 

H  8. 

H  9. 

HlO. 

Hll. 

Hl2. 

H13. 

H14. 

H15. 

A  1. 

A  2. 

A  3. 

A  4. 
A  5. 
A  6. 
A  7. 
A  8. 
A  9. 
AlO. 
All. 


Ancient  World  B  9. 

Ancient  Orient  and  Palestine  BlO. 

Oriental  Empires  Bll. 

Eastern  Mediterranean  Bl2. 

Ancient  Greece  Bl3. 

Greek  and  Phoenician  Coloni-  Bl4. 

zation  Bl5. 

Boeotia  and  Attica  Bl6. 
Athens 

HARDING  EUROPEAN  SERIES 

Edited  by  Samuel   B.   Harding 


Sequence  Map  of  Greece 

Alexander's  Empire 

Ancient  Italy 

Roman  Power  in  Italy 

Rome 

Conquest  of  Mediterranean 

Caesar's  Gaul 

Roman  Empire 


Barbarian  Invasions  Hl6. 

Charlemagne  Hl7. 

Holy  Roman  Empire  Hl8. 

Crusades  Hl9. 

Saxon  and  Norman  England  H20. 

England  and  France  H21. 

Europe,  1360  H22. 

Medieval  Commerce  H23. 

Charles  V,  1519  H24. 

The  Reformation  H25. 

Tudor  and  Stuart  England  H26. 
Europe,  1648 

Europe,  1740  H27. 

Discoveries  and  Colonization  H28. 


Europe,  1815 
British  Isles 
Industrial  England 
Modern   Italy 
German  Empire 
The  Balkans 
World,  1914 
Europe  in  1914 
Economic  Europe 
Peoples  of  Europe 
Northern     France, 

and  the  Rhine 
Europe,  January,  1920 
Central   Europe,   1918-1921 


Belgium 


Napoleon 

HART-BOLTON  AMERICAN  SERIES 

Edited  by  Albert  Bushnell  Hart  and  Herbert  E.  Bolton 


World  of  Columbus 

World   Explorations   to   1580 

Caribbean  Settlement  1492- 
1525 

International  Rivalries,  1580- 
1750 

English  Colonial  Grants, 
1580-1763 

Partition  of  America,  1700 
and  1763 

Colonial  Commerce  and  In- 
dustries 

Revolutionary  War,  1775- 
1783 

State  Claims  and  Ratifica- 
tion, 1776-1802 

Westward  Movement,  1763- 
1829 

Louisiana  Purchase,  1803- 
1819 


Al2,  Territorial  Acquisitions,  1776- 
1866 

Al3.  Land  and  Water  Routes, 
1829-1860 

Al4.  Mexican  War  and  Compro- 
mise of  1850 

Al5.     Secession,  1860-1861 

Al6.     Civil  War,  1861-1865 

Al7.     Abolition  and  Reconstruction 

Al8.  Western  Statehood;  Land 
Grants 

Al9.  Lines  of  Transportation, 
1920 

A20.     Resources   and   Conservation 

A21.  Industrial  United  States 
(Eastern) 

A22.     Agricultural  United  States 

A23.  United  States  in  the  Carib- 
bean 

A24.     Greater  United  States 

A27.     Population    Density,    1920 


References  to  the  above  History  Wall  Maps  are  made  thru 
out  the  pages  of  this  booklet. 


The  New  Geography 

Until  a  few  years  ago  locational  geography,  with  its  memor- 
izing of  endless  place  names,  constituted  a  large  part  of  geog- 
raphy teaching.  School  maps  of  this  period,  in  their  crude 
workmanship,  lack  of  accuracy,  and  fullness  of  unnecessary  de- 
tail, were  as  faulty  as  the  old  method. 

The  subject  matter  of  the  new  geography,  with  its  emphasis 
on  casual  relationships,  touches  the  life  and  welfare  of  the  human 
race  in  a  very  intimate  way. 

School  maps  were  not  readily  changed  to  meet  the  new 
geography  teaching,  because  old  time  publishers  had  invested 
thousands  of  dollars  in  plates,  map  stock,  etc.,  and  were  loath  to 
encourage  any  development  tending  to  make  obsolete  their  old 
stock  in  trade. 

The  great  World  War  with  its  tremendous  political  changes 
has,  however,  made  these  old  maps  unfit  to  be  used  in  the  schools. 

This  offered  a  unique  opportunity  to  the  Denoyer-Geppert 
Company  and  the  preparation  of  a  completely  new  series  of 
Political  Geography  Wall  Maps  designed  according  to  the  new 
method  in  geography,  embodying  the  last  word  in  exploration, 
and  showing  all  the  territorial  changes  made  by  the  Peace  Settle- 
ment, was  completed.  Each  map  was  edited  by  a  geographer  of 
special  fitness  for  his  particular  Map. 

In  offering  to  American  schools  this  new  series  of  Political 
Geography  Maps  the  Company  has  performed  a  unique  service, 
to  the  teachers  and  school  children  of  America. 

Achievement 

Achievement  is  characteristically  American.  Beginning  in 
1916  with  blank  paper,  ideas,  ideals,  a  capacity  for  hard  work, 
and  a  great  desire  to  serve  education,  the  Denoyer-Geppert 
Company  has  in  its  short  life  of  five  years  made  great  contribu- 
tions to  American  education. 

Previous  to  1916  the  teaching  of  history  was  hindered  by 
the  lack  of  school  maps  that  reflected  the  influence  of  the  newer 
history  with  its  wider  knowledge. 

Today  the  teacher  of  history  has  at  his  service  the  celebrated 
Denoyer-Geppert  History  Wall  Maps.  This  great  series  of  sixty- 
nine  wall  maps  was  edited  by  historians  of  international  reputa- 
tion. 

(Continued   on   page  viii) 


DENOYER-GEPPERT    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY 

WALL  MAPS 

Size  44x56  inches 

Map  Scale  of 

No.  Miles  to  Inch 

Jl      United  States  and  Possessions,  by  C.  R.  Dryer. .     75  mileS 

J2      Europe,  by  William  M.  Davis 75  miles 

J3       Asia,  by  Ellsworth  Huntington 150  miles 

J4      Africa,  by  Jacques  W.  Redway 115  miles 

J5       North  America,  by  Charles  R.  Dryer 115  miles 

J6       South  America,  by  Frank  Carney  &  W.  S.  Tower  115  miles 
J7       Eastern  Hemisphere,  by  Ellsworth  Huntington.   300  miles 

J8      Western  Hemisphere,  by  Walter  S.  Tower 300  miles 

J9      World,  Political  and  Commercial 

By  J.  Russell  Smith  and  George  B.  Roorbach  600  miles 
J171  Eastern  United  States,  by  C.  R.  Dryer 40  miles 

Special  size,  64x44  inches 

Sla    United  States,  without  possessions 50  miles 

S9a    World,  Political   400  miles 

Extra  large  size,  64x78  inches 

In  preparation.    Ready  in  1922 

51  United  States  and  Possessions 50  miles 

52  Europe    50  miles 

53  Asia    100  miles 

54  Africa    75  miles 

55  North  America  75  miles 

56  South  America   75  miles 

57  Eastern  Hemisphere   200  miles 

58  Western  Hemisphere    200  miles 

59  World,  Political  and  Commercial 400  miles 

The  editors  for  the  "S"  maps  are  the  same  as  for  the  "J"  maps. 
Any  of  the  above  maps  may  be  had  without  names  for  use  as 
test  maps. 


References  to  the  above  Geography  Wall  Maps  are  made 
throughout  the  pages  of  this  booklet. 


Having  supplied  one  department  of  education  in  an  ade- 
quate way,  the  Company  prepared  to  extend  the  same  adequate 
service  to  the  teaching  of  geography. 

By  its  preparation  of  a  completely  new  series  of  eleven  large 
Political  Geography  Wall  Maps,  edited  by  geographers  of  inter- 
national reputation,  the  Denoyer-Geppert  Company  has  rendered 
a  unique  service  to  the  teachers  of  geography. 

Great  as  this  achievement  is,  for  so  young  a  company, 
numerous  other  publications  of  high  educational  merit  have  also 
been  published  by  this  house. 

Service 

The  spirit  of  service  dominating  the  Denoyer-Geppert 
Company  is  well  expressed  by  C.  P.  Cary,  for  eighteen  years 
State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  in  Wisconsin: 

"I  was  greatly  impressed  in  the  two  or  three  days  I  spent 
in  the  plant,  with  the  energy,  enterprise,  and  intelligence  of  the 
men  who  are  responsible  for  the  success  of  the  Company.  They 
seemed  to  me  to  be  far  more  concerned  about  making  the  high- 
est possible  grade  of  maps  than  they  did  about  making  money. 
They  have  ideals  and  they  spare  no  expense  in  their  efforts  to 
attain  their  ideals.  They  keep  their  maps  thoroughly  up-to-date. 
They  will,  if  required,  send  their  maps  on  approval,  though  this 
is  not  necessary  with  a  company  of  the  quality  of  this  one.  If 
at  any  time  anything  is  not  right  they  will  make  it  right,  and  it 
will  be  a  pleasure  for  them  to  do  so." 

THE  "D-G"  LINE 

History 
Hart  American  Hiatory  Maps  Hart  Americsm  History  Atlas 

Harding  European  History  Maps  Harding  European  History  Atlas 

Breasted  Ancient  History  Maps  Breasted  Ancient  History  Atlas 

Lehmann  History  Pictures  Cartocraft  Desk  Outline  Maps 

Geography 

Denoyer-Geppert  Wall  Maps  Philips'  Comparative  Wall  Maps 

Cartocraft  Slated  Wall  Maps  Bacon  Excelsior  Wall  Maps 

Cartocraft  Desk  Outline  Maps  Kuhnert  Relief-Like  Maps 

Atlas  Raised  or  Relief  Wall  Maps  Globes 

Lehmann  Geography  Pictures 

Science 
Jung  Botany  Charts  Lehmann   Zoology   Charts 

Jung  Zoology  Charts  Arnold  Physiology  Charts 

Schmeil  Botany  Charts  Arnold   Food   Charts 

Schmeil  Zoology  Charts  Anatomical  Models 

Lehmann  Botany  Charts  Frohse  Life-Size  Charts 

"Every  calling  is  great,  when  greatly  pursued." 

=    I  '  a    c= 

m  B20180  viii 


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